Well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC) represents the most common endocrine malignancy. Despite excellent prognoses exceeding 90% in 10-year follow-up, there are clinically controversial issues. One of these is extrathyroidal tumour extension invading recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). The spread outside of the thyroid parenchyma and invasion to the surrounding structures, classified as always T4a, are the most important negative prognostic factor for the WDTC. Conversely, resection of the RLN leads to vocal cord paralysis with hoarseness, possible swallowing problems, and finally decreased quality of life. We propose a new algorithm for intraoperative management based on the MACIS classification, which would allow swift status evaluation pre/intraoperatively and consider a possibility to preserve the infiltrated RLN without compromising an oncological radicality. In the case of a preoperative vocal cord paralysis (VCP) and confirmation of the invasive carcinoma, a resection of the RLN and the nerve graft reconstruction are indicated. Preoperatively, unaffected vocal cord movement and intraoperatively detected RLN infiltration by the invasive WDTC require an individual assessment of the oncological risk by the proposed algorithm. Preservation of the infiltrated RLN is oncologically acceptable only in specific groups of patients of a younger age with a minor size of primary tumour.

Although the issue of the injury of a cyclist in car collision is in lower when compared to that of pedestrians, we cannot ignore it completely. There is an increasing need to pay attention to bicycle safety due to the growing popularity of motorless single-track vehicles. This study investigates whether it is appropriate to analyze cyclist accidents using relations describing pedestrian throws and whether using simulation software Madymo models the side-impact collision caused by cars. This paper also describes how significant the form of the front parts of normal cars are, as well as the position of the cyclist on three types of bicycles. The analysis of formulas which estimate the car's speed before the impact contributes mainly to the field of judicial expertise and the investigation of car accidents.

Fibrillar collagen in tendons and its natural development in rabbits are discussed in this paper. Achilles tendons from newborn (~7 days) to elderly (~38 months) rabbits were monitored in intact (n tendons=24) and microtome sectioned (n tendons=11) states with label-free second harmonic generation microscopy. After sectioning, the collagen fiber pattern was irregular for the younger animals and remained oriented parallel to the load axis of the tendon for the older animals. In contrast, the collagen fiber pattern in the intact samples followed the load axis for all the age groups. However, there was a significant difference in the tendon crimp pattern appearance between the age groups. The crimp amplitude (A) and wavelength (Λ) started at very low values (A=2.0±0.6 µm, Λ=19±4 µm) for the newborn animals. Both parameters increased for the sexually mature animals (>5 months old). When the animals were fully mature the amplitude decreased but the wavelength kept increasing. The results revealed that the microtome sectioning artifacts depend on the age of animals and that the collagen crimp pattern reflects the physical growth and development.

Cervical spine injuries have become an urgent problem in modern society. Regardless of social status or background, the high rate of neck injuries is a serious healthcare issue worldwide. The cervical spine injury is mainly caused by external impact and is termed as whiplash injury. In addition, the head also performs a whiplash movement during rapid deceleration. The aim of this study is to monitor and describe physically the natural response of the head to rapid deceleration. The methodology of using an impact simulator was adopted for simulating a load which is applied to passengers wearing a seat belt in a head-on collision of a car at the speed of 30 km/h. Furthermore, a series of comparative tests of two versions (impact with and without a blindfold) were conducted to determine the influence of vision and consciousness on risk and the seriousness of trauma and the results were compared with measurements on a dummy.

The issue of accident analysis in relation to railway vehicles of urban mass transportation is highly accentuated at the moment. In terms of designing the frontal area of trams, adequate attention should be paid to the optimal front end design in order to reduce the risk of pedestrian injury. The properly used shape and materials can minimize the consequences of the pedestrian's contact with the vehicle, or the eventual dragging of the pedestrian under the vehicle. For the front end to be tested and optimized, it is necessary to develop and validate a pedestrian model for performing calculations even in the design preparation stage. From a historical perspective, impact tests and pedestrian protection were not paid significant attention. There should also be a methodology for data collection and evaluation across the public transit company. The data collected within the Czech Republic is inconsistent and hard to analyze. At the beginning of our research, we addressed the question of which dummy configuration with respect to the tram is most appropriate for our crash tests.