Doppler-based LABP provides better results than the guideline-recommended HABP in diabetic patients, nevertheless even this method is not perfect. Increasing the cut-off value to 1.0 in these patients does not bring a substantial improvement of the test performance. Patients with high ABI should be automatically considered PAD-positive and referred for further investigation using imaging techniques.

were used. To evaluate the exposures both short-term (hourly and daily) data and long term (yearly) data during 45 years were analysed. For health risk assessment the relationship between exposure and biological effects of pollutants published by the WHO and the US EPA were employed.Results: During the studied period annual average concentrations of PM 10 ranged from 25 to 96 µg/m 3 ; PM 2.5 from 24 to 45 µg/m 3 ; SO 2 from 3.4 to 101.5 µg/m 3 ; NO 2 from 17.76 to 51.17 µg/m 3 ; benzene from 0.24 to 9.2 µg/m 3 ; benzo[a]pyrene from 2.1 to 14 ng/m 3 ; arsenic from 1.2 to 9.5 ng/m 3 . Since the turn of the 80s and 90s of the 20th century trend of air pollutant concentrations has been decreasing until the turn of millennium, when it stopped, and it has been constant until present time. However, presented results demonstrate that the citizens of Ostrava have been exposed to relatively high concentrations of pollutants in comparison to other similar cities. The most significant pollutants contributing to health risks are airborne dust (PM 10 , PM 2.5 ), benzene and benzo[a]pyrene. The long-term average health risk of PM 10 has increased in case of postneonatal infant mortality up to 30%; prevalence of bronchitis in children up to 61%; and incidence of chronic bronchitis in adults up to 89%. The long-term average health risk of PM 2.5 increased for all-cause mortality in persons aged 30+ years up to 22%; cardiopulmonary related mortality up to 25%; and lung cancer related mortality up to 39%. The highest carcinogenic risk is observed in benzo[a]pyrene, when the range of individual lifetime carcinogenic risk is up to 1.25*10 −3 . This assessment is valid according to the strict carcinogenic risk by the WHO, while the maximum carcinogenic risk according the US EPA is 7.2*10 −5 . Conclusions: A significant reduction of the pollutants' concentrations in Ostrava in the nineties of the last century does not mean a required improvement of outdoor air quality to the desired level. Persisting episodes with a very strong short-term increase of the concentration of PM 10 and PM 2.5 , as well as long-term load of these substances on the population is very high. Health risks from such burdens are likely to lead to a higher mortality and morbidity especially from specific diseases.

Úvod: Metoda palcového tlaku (toe brachial index -TBI) je doporučována k detekci ischemické choroby dolních končetin (ICHDKK) v případě snížené účinnosti metody ankle brachial indexu (ABI), ke které nejčastěji dochází u diabetiků. Předpokládá se, že v tomto případě TBI podává přesnější výsledky. Studií zabývajících se použitím TBI konkrétně u diabetiků není mnoho a ve výsledcích se liší. Cíl: Účelem této práce je prezentovat průběžné výsledky studie, jejíž hlavním cílem je vyhodnotit validitu metody TBI u diabetiků, a zjistit, zda tato metoda přináší zlepšení oproti metodě ABI. Metodika: V rámci první fáze studie bylo vyšetřeno 42 končetin u 21 pacientů s diabetem 2. typu. ABI byl měřen pomocí automatické oscilometrické metody (ABI OSC) a ruční metody za pomoci tužkového doppleru (ABI DPP). TBI byl stanoven pomocí automatické pletysmografické metody. Referenční vyšetření tepen dolních končetin bylo provedeno pomocí duplexní ultrasonografie (DUS). Pro srovnání jednotlivých metod TBI a ABI byl použit párový t-test. Pro vyhodnocení parametrů validity byly jako cut-off points použity hodnoty ABI < 0,9; TBI <0,7; DUS stenóza > 50 %. Výsledky: U osmi končetin z celkového počtu byla pomocí DUS prokázána ICHDKK. Jednotlivé metody ABI a TBI podávaly rozdílné výsledky (p < 0,05). Nejlepší parametry validity prokazovala metoda TBI -senzitivita 0,88; specificita 0,88; pozitivní prediktivní hodnota 0,64; negativní prediktivní hodnotou 0,97, pozitivní likelihood ratio 7,44; negativní likelihood ratio 0,14. Z metod stanovení ABI měla vyšší parametry validity metoda ABI DPP, která pro výpočet dosazuje do vzorce nižší hodnotu systolického krevního tlaku zjištěnou ze dvou míst měření na kotníku. Metoda ABI OSC v tomto souboru správně nezachytila ani jednu končetinu se stenózou > 50 %. Závěr: Dle průběžných výsledků této práce byla v daném souboru metoda TBI v porovnání s metodami ABI vhodnější pro záchyt ICHDKK u diabetiků. Klíčová slova: palcový tlak, toe brachial index, diabetes mellitus, ischemická choroba dolních končetin. Assessment of toe brachial index validity in diabetic patients -interim results Introduction:The toe brachial index (TBI) is recommended for the detection of lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) in case of reduced efficacy of the ankle brachial index (ABI), which most often occurs in diabetics. In this case, TBI is expected to give more accurate results. There are not many studies dealing with the use of TBI specifically in diabetics and the results are different. Objective: The purpose of this work is to present the interim results of the study, whose main objective is to assess the validity of TBI in diabetics and to determine whether this method provides improvements over the ABI. Methods: In the first phase of the study, 42 limbs were examined in 21 patients with type 2 diabetes. ABI was measured using the automatic oscillometric method (ABI OSC) and the manual method using the pencil doppler (ABI DPP). TBI was determined

Objectives: This is a review article that deals with the question of whether type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease.Methods: We searched the PubMed database and relevant publications were selected for review. The introduction, which describes the possibilities of how type 2 diabetes can affect the development of Alzheimer's disease, is followed by other questions related to this issue: May on the contrary Alzheimer's disease induce type 2 diabetes? What is a relative risk for type 2 diabetes to induce dementia? How type 2 diabetes influence conversion of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease? What is the role of antidiabetic medication? Proposition of term "type 3 diabetes" for Alzheimer's disease.Results: Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been shown to increase the risk for cognitive decline and dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Despite extensive research and numerous publications, the mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear.Conclusions: Because of similar molecular and cellular features among type 1 and type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance associated with memory deficit and cognitive decline, some researches proposed the term "type 3 diabetes" for Alzheimer's disease.

SUMMARYAim: The aim of this paper is to provide information about the concentrations of airborne bioaerosols (airborne bacteria, fungi and endotoxins) in outdoor suburban environments in Ostrava, Moravian-Silesian region, Czech Republic.Methods: The methods were based on systematic bioaerosol monitoring during one calendar year, subsequent analysis of the samples and statistical processing. The regression, correlation analysis and analysis of variance for one factor and pairwise comparisons were performed on bioaerosol data to determine their dependence on season, daytime, temperature, humidity and dew point. Conclusions:The concentration of bioaerosol (bacteria, fungi and endotoxins) were found in ambient air at substantially lower levels than in an indoor environment. Although the concentrations of this bioaerosol greatly fluctuate with temperature, dew point, season and daytime, they do not represent increased health risks.