This study focuses on the settling profile and chemical characteristics of latex aerobic granules cultivated from rubber industrial wastewater. Latex‐based aerobic granular sludge (AGS) was cultivated using sequencing batch reactor (SBR) in supplemented with synthetic wastewater (SW) as nutrients feeding for biogranulation process. The bioreactor was operated for 24 h with eight series of intermittent 3 h SBR cycles continuously. The SBR configuration comprises of five operation phases from SW feeding, aeration, settling, and effluent decanting to idle. Latex granules exhibit a loose and irregular structure dominated by coccal‐shaped bacteria with an average size of 4.0–5.0 mm and a settling velocity of 0.35–0.53 m h–1. The elemental analysis using X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) showed that the latex granules contained various elements while X‐Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis suggested the presence of zincowoodwardite, berlinite, rutile, and quartz. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed the presence of aliphatic hydrocarbons, alkene, alkyne, and tertiary amine.

Removal of ketoprofen using Dillenia Indica peel activated carbon was investigated using batch adsorption at a laboratory scale. Chemical activation method with the aid of phosphoric acid was utilised in preparing the activated carbon. The adsorption experiments were evaluated using various factors which, are initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and pH of ketoprofen. The optimum condition was determined to be at pH 6 and adsorbent dosage of 0.4 g with a most KTP uptake of 8.354 mg/g. The experimental findings showed that adsorption is favorable at lower pH. Isotherm studies were conducted and the data indicated that Langmuir isotherm was well fitted to the adsorption process and the pseudo-second-order model was more preferable in simulating the kinetic process. In essence, Dillenia Indica peel activated carbon was proven as being a favourable adsorbent for the uptake of ketoprofen in batch mode.

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The present study focusing on the performances of advanced oxidation process by using ozonation method towards Methyl Orange based on the efficiency of colour removal and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal. Factorial design with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the interaction between operational conditions, such as pH, initial concentration, contact time and persulfate dosage to obtain the optimum range conditions using a semi-batch reactor. The range of independent variables investigated were pH (3-11), initial concentration (100-500mg/L), contact time (10-50min) and persulfate dosage (20-100mM) while the response variables were colour removal and COD removal of Methyl Orange. The experimental results and statistical analysis showed all the parameters were significant. Thus, from this findings, optimization of operational conditions that had been suggested from the ozone/persulfate RSM analysis were (pH 3, 100 mg/L, 50min, 60mM) that would be produced 99% Colour Removal and 80% COD Removal and help in promoting an efficient ozonation process. The effect list data that showed the most contributed effects to increase the percentages of colour removal were pH and persulfate dosage whereas the contact time and initial concentration had the highest positive effects on the COD removal. Other than that, the interaction between pH, contact time and persulfate dosage were found to be the most influencing interaction. Therefore the least influencing interaction was interaction between persulfate dosage and pH. In this study, the correlation coefficient value R2 for colour removal and COD removal of Methyl Orange were R2= 0.9976 and R2= 0.9924 which suggested a good fit of the first-order regression model with the experimental data.