Regardless of the vehicle's application, the thermal comfort of the vehicle's occupants and driver is given increased attention. Maintaining a sense of thermal comfort, whether for safety, health or occupant thermal well-being reasons, is one of the most important goals of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. There are a significant number of physical variables that affect thermal comfort. Therefore, evaluating thermal comfort has always been a complex issue and has attracted the attention of researchers. The feeling of thermal comfort is provided by factors that depend on the heat exchange between the human body and the external environment. It is well known that one of the requirements to be fulfilled is to find a person in thermal neutrality in the environment according to the comfort equation. The article describes and evaluates the following indicators: DTS (dynamic thermal sensitivity), TS (thermal sensitivity), PMV (predicted mean voice) and PPD (predicted percentage of dissatisfaction). The most common models for evaluating thermal comfort, namely the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), Taniguchi’s model, Zhang’s model and Nilsson’s model in a variety of car cabin conditions, have been reviewed. The limitations of these models in terms of the objectivity of the results obtained are analysed.
The article analyzes the current state of microclimate problems in vehicle cabins, studied in the world and in Ukraine. An analysis of the scientific research of some scientists working in this field is carried out, as well as the state of regulatory documentation, both abroad and in Ukraine. With the help of mathematical dependencies, a description of the theory of air mass transfer is provided. Calculations of air flows in the front part of the bus cabin, in particular in the driver's working area, were carried out using the ANSYS-Fluent software environment.
The paper proposes the influence analysis of five types of city bus body layouts on the air flows formation in the cabin, generated by the motor compartment fan under conditions of forced convection. The authors conducted three types of tests with different boundary conditions in the finite element calculation module of ANSYS Fluent: the input velocity of the flows from the motor compartment fan, the temperature of the flows and the environment, internal and external convection. According to the results of simulated field tests, it was established that the most effective is the layout of the bus with the engine located horizontally in the rear overhang. Such a layout is relatively expensive from the point of view of production, because it requires the installation of the opposite type of "boxer" engine in most cases, which is characterized by a higher cost, complexity of maintenance and is less common in contrast to V-type internal combustion engine schemes. However, air circulation occurs throughout the cabin the most effectively in this layout scheme, taking into account the driver's cabin and other locations. Layouts with central positioning of the engine (vertical and horizontal) also deserve attention - they ensure a symmetrical distribution of air in the front and rear of the bus body, which can be especially relevant in the cold period of the year.