Özet: Kimyasal ve biyolojik maddeler ya da fiziksel etkenler, hücreleri değişik derecelerde etkileyerek sitotoksisiteye yol açabilirler. Bir maddenin biyolojik davranışının anlaşılabilmesi için hücreler üzerindeki toksik ya da non-toksik etkisinin belirlenmesi gereklidir. İn vitro sitotoksisite testleri, ilaç niteliği taşıyan veya toksik profili araştırılan maddelerin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla hücre kültüründe gerçekleştirilen ölçüm metodlarıdır. Bu testlerle çok sayıda maddenin kısa sürede analiz edilmesi mümkün olmakta ve yapılacak hayvan denemeleri için temel veriler elde edilebilmektedir. Farklı mekanizmalara ve hassasiyetlere sahip çok sayıda sitotoksisite testi bulunmakla birlikte bu derlemede, araştırmacılar tarafından sıkça tercih edilen tetrazolyum testleri (MTT, MTS, XTT, WST), LDH testi, alamalar mavisi testi ve biyolüminesans testleri ele alınmıştır.Abstract: Chemical, biological and physical factors may cause cytotoxicity by affecting cells at different degrees. To understand the biological characteristic of a compound, it is essential to determine its toxic or non-toxic effects. In vitro cytotoxicity assays (cell viability assays) are cell culture based measuring methods that usually used for either evaluating possible drug candidates or investigating cytotoxic profiles of some compounds. It is possible to assess many compounds in a short period of time and obtain fundamental information necessary for further animal experiments through this methods. There are many cell viability assay methods exist based on colorimetric, enzymatic, luminometric principals etc that have different mechanisms and varied sensitivity. The popular assays, such as MTT, MTS, XTT, WST, LDH enzyme assay, alamar blue assay, ATP bioluminescent assay have summarized in this rewiev.

In this study, the levels of a group of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the adipose tissue of women living in northern Turkey who gave birth by cesarean delivery were investigated. Sixty subcutaneous samples were collected in 2013 from women in urban (30) and rural (30) areas. The levels of nine OCPs, namely α-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), β-HCH (lindane), γ-HCH, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), aldrin, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites, 2,4'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), 4,4'-DDE, 2,4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDT, and 16 PCBs, PCB-28, -52, -70, -74, -81, -99, -101, -118, -138, -153, -156, -170, -180, -183, -187 and -208, were investigated with a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). β-HCH was detected in nine samples (mean 23.70 ± 4.24 ng g of fat) and γ-HCH was detected in six samples (mean 41.88 ± 12.41 ng g of fat). HCB was detected in five samples (mean 30.97 ± 14.31 ng g of fat), 2,4'-DDT in one sample (5 ng g of fat), 4,4-DDT in two samples (mean 6.70 ± 0.42 ng g of fat), 2,4'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene in three samples (mean 6.27 ± 0.42 ng g of fat), PCB-28 in six samples (mean 10.03 ± 7.79 ng g of fat), PCB-81 in one sample (7.60 ng g of fat) and PCB-118 in one sample (10.20 ng g of fat). In total, organochlorine compounds were detected in 12 (40%) of rural and 12 (40%) of urban women. These results are an indication of the level of organochlorine compounds in the environment where the subjects of the study lived.

Background: Previous studies have shown high levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their risks in humans and domestic animals, especially in cats and dogs. However, studies regarding the levels of POPs in horses are limited. Objectives: To study the concentration of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organophosphate pesticides (OPs) in hair samples collected from 52 sport horses in Turkey and to investigate the possible relationship among current exposure situation, age and gender of horses. Study design: Original article. Methods: Hair samples were collected from 52 sport horses which were divided into three groups according to age: Group I: < 5 years (n = 17), Group II: 5-10 years (n = 16) and Group III: >10 years (n = 19). In addition to age, the samples were also analysed by location and gender. Thirty environmental pollutants (2 OPs, 7 OCPs, 15 PCBs and 6 PAHs) were analysed using a sensitive GC-MS method. Results: All samples contained a minimum of one pollutant, and 23 of the 30 measured pollutants were identified in at least one sample. Number of positive samples and concentrations of POPs were higher in Group 2 and Group 3 than Group I (p < 0.05). Females and males presented similar results. In terms of location, concentrations of almost all chemicals were higher in Sanliurfa than Ankara (p < 0.05). Main limitations: Feed, drinking water and the other related environmental samples were not analysed to evaluate the relationship between those sources and POPs levels in hair samples collected from sport horses. Conclusions: The concentration of POPs in the hair and other tissues of sports horses should be monitored periodically. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to investigate levels of the POPs in hair samples from sport horses in Turkey. Clinical relevance• The presence of POPs in animals could be a causative factor in a variety of diseases, including cancer, metabolic disorders, immune suppression, growth failures, cardiovascular diseases and congenital abnormalities, even at very low concentrations.• In the present study, the levels of POPs in horse hair were generally higher than previous studies conducted in humans and other animals. These findings may indicate the extent of environmental contamination as well as the importance of POPs as an external factor responsible for health problems in sport horses.• In the future, determining any relationships between the levels of POPs in biological fluids and race performance of sport horses could be worthwhile.

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