SUMMARY.During a period of nine years, from 01. 01. 1996 to 31. 12. 2004, 45 544 live-born children were analyzed.The analysis is retrospective and is based on medical documentation of the Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinic for Neurology, and Clinic for Rehabilitation and Physiatrics of University Clinical Center Tuzla. The 86 newborns with brachial plexus palsy have been recorded, the prevalence is 1.86 per 1000 live-born children. Analyzing maternal and neonatal factors, and the delivery pattern itself, it has been found that the highest risk-factors for brachial plexus injury are birth weight over 4000 grams, precipitous second stage of labor (<15 minutes), and vacuum-extractor assisted delivery of newborns. Brachial plexus palsy was more frequent when the newborns' mothers were overweight, with a body mass index ³29 kg/m 2 . None of the parturient women, whose newborns were diagnosed with brachial plexus palsy, had a narrowed pelvis. Newborns, who were delivered vaginally, were not diagnosed to have a higher frequency of brachial plexus palsy compared to newborns who were delivered by Caesarean section, but newborns with vaginal breech delivery have had a higher incidence of brachial plexus palsy. Newborns, whose mothers were older than 35, had have brachial plexus palsy more frequently; statistically significant difference between primiparas and multiparas was not found. A total of 39 newborns (45.2%) were diagnosed to have a fracture of clavicle, which was the most frequently combined damage with brachial plexus injury. The 42 newborns (48.8%) had an Apgar score of £7 in the first minute after delivery, which indicates intrapartal distress of fetus and points to traumatic nature of these deliveries. Average birth weight of newborns with plexus brachialis damage was 3858±grames, which, for an average gestation age of 38.8±1,8 weeks of gestation, corresponds to eutrophic newborns. Both male and female newborns were diagnosed to have plexus brachialis equally and almost all deliveries (97.7%) started spontaneously. The majority of newborns were born early in the morning between 2-3 hours or afternoon between 14-15 hours. Izvorni~lanakKlju~ne rije~i: kljenut brahijalnog pleksusa, novoro|en~e, rizi~ni~imbenici SA@ETAK. U devetgodi{njem vremenskom razdoblju od 01. 01. 1996. do 31. 12. 2004. godine analizirano je 45 564`ivoro|ene novoro|en~adi. Analiza je retrospektivna, bazirana na medicinskoj dokumentaciji Klinike za ginekologiju i aku{erstvo, Klinike za neurologiju i Klinike za rehabilitaciju i fizijatriju Univerzitetsko-klini~kog centra Tuzla. Registrirano je 86 novoro|en~adi s paralizom pleksusa brahijalisa, incidencija je 1,89 na 1000`ivoro|ene novoro|en~adi. Analizom maternalnih i neonatalnih faktora, te samog tijeka poroda utvr|eno je da su najve}i rizi~ni faktori za nastanak povrede pleksusa brahijalisa porodna te`ina novoro|en~eta preko 4000 grama, skra}eno drugo porodno doba (<15 minuta) te ra|anje novoro|en~eta uz pomo} vakuum ekstraktora. Povreda pleksusa brahijalisa~e{}e nastaje kod novor...

Abstract-The stainless steel

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Background: Neurogenic stuttering is a subtype of acquired stuttering, and it is characterized by disfluencies associated with acquired brain damage. Objective: To provide an insight into pathophysiology, symptomatology, differential diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of neurogenic stuttering through a critical review of the literature. Methods: Studies published during the past and recent years were searched and analyzed on neurogenic stuttering. Results: Neurogenic stuttering is a complex disorder. The pathophysiological mechanism of neurogenic stuttering is not yet fully understood. It appears with several neurological diseases and conditions, and the use of some drugs. Differential diagnosis of neurogenic and psychogenic stuttering is a challenge for clinicians. Treatment usually requires a joint effort from speech therapists and doctors, most often neurologists Conclusion: Although research on neurogenic stuttering can be found in the literature, the complexity of this disorder still requires detailed monitoring and studying to provide the best treatment for patients.

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