Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and form of dementia. The peptide amyloid-β (Aβ) is a most therapeutic target in AD on the basis of pathological and genetic suffices that supports a role for this molecule in the disease process. Studies show that Aβ immunotherapies (Active and passive) have been revealed to alleviate cerebral Aβ levels and improve cognition in animal models of AD. In humans, clinical trial phase 2 AN1792 conducted by Elan et al stated that Aβ vaccine was stopped when ~6% of the immunized patients developed meningoencephalitis. However, some plaque clearance and modest clinical improvements were observed in patients following immunization. In this study, Aβ immunotherapies will be discussed. Passive and active method of treatment in human and non-human primate with AD will also be review. Preclinical studies and the limited data from clinical trials and non-human primates’ evidence suggest Aβ immunotherapy as the most effective in preventing or slowing the progression of AD when patients are immunized before or in the very earliest stages of disease onset. AD Biomarkers and imaging technology have improved greatly over the past 11 years and, in the future, can be used to identify pre-symptomatic, at-risk individuals who might benefit from Aβ immunotherapy

Synaptic plasticity is a biological system of specific pattern of synaptic activity result in changes in synaptic strength. This influence puberty, pregnancy hormones, sensory experiences, and brain disorders. Long-term synaptic plasticity is accompanied by protein synthesis and trafficking, leading to structural changes of the synapse. Increasing evidence connects the terminal synaptic changes with potential propagation in adolescent and pregnancy. We investigate on the synaptic structural plasticity, which has mainly been studied with in vivo two-photon laser scanning microscopy. We also discuss how a different type of synapses, the multi-contact synapses associated with pregnancy

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that glutamate receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity, in particular long-term depression (LTD), is important for elimination of synaptic contacts in brain synaptic changes during pregnancy. Synaptic changes influenced differently by development, sensory