This study aims to evaluate the relationships between sport mental toughness (SMT) and psychological wellbeing (PWB) of undergraduate student athletes. Mental toughness represents the ability of a person to cope with the demands of training and competition, increased determination, focus, confidence, and maintain control under pressure. Mental toughness has been explained as the ability of an athlete to cope with the requests of practice and competition, improved determination, focus, self-confidence and keeping control under pressure. The concept of PWB has been introduced in eudaimonic part as the realization of potential through some form of struggle. The sample of the study constituted by 130 participants from two Turkish universities, included participants from a Physical Education and Sport Education program from four years of standard undergraduate study. To assess mental toughness, the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ) (Sheard et al., 2009) was administered; while to assess PWB, Ryff's PWB scale (1989a) were given to volunteer participants. To identify the internal consistency of the validated questionnaires, Cronbach's alpha score was used. The relationship between SMT and PWB was identified by conduction of Pearson Product Moment Correlations. To check for age, gender and level of the study, the hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses was used to examine the predictive capacity of mental toughness on PWB. Multiple linear regression analyses' findings revealed that sub-dimensions of SMT were moderate to strong predictors of PWB with between 40 and 66% of variance explained. Consequently, the demographic factors were not found to predict PWB. These results are consistent with the assumptions and continue to show the potential importance of SMT within the physical education and sports learning environments.

Gucciardi et al. (2009) [1] suggest that mental toughness is more a function of environment than domains, and as such, mental toughness is potentially important in any environment that requires performance setting, challenges, and adversities. Due to vital importance of mental toughness in sports and particularly in soccer, this paper focused on the comparison of sport mental toughness levels of soccer officials with their age group, education level, refereeing category and sports experience years. Mental toughness was checked by Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). The SMTQ was applied to soccer officials (159 licensed referees) who all were registered to the Turkish Football Federation (TFF). The sample consisted of 146 male subjects, mean age was 29.10 years (SD = 7.54, range = 19-54) and 13 female subjects mean age was 22.82 years (SD = 4.71, range = 19-27). To determine the difference of Sport Mental Toughness level among soccer referees One-Way ANOVA was used for normal distribution and Scheffé Test was used for determining the differences across groups with through SPSS Package 21.0 and the significant level was set at 0.05. The findings of this research paper showed that there were significant differences between soccer officials' three sub-factors (confidence -constancycontrol) of mental toughness and their officiating experience years. This could be attributed to the fact that 15 and above years experienced officials were mentally tougher than those with 0-5 years' experience and those with 6-10 years' experience. There were not any significant differences between other variables (refereeing categories, education levels and age groups) of soccer officials and their mental toughness levels.

Bu araştırmanın amacı, beden eğitimi ve spor öğretmenliği bölümünde öğrenim gören öğretmen adaylarının empatik eğilim ve empatik beceri düzeylerini incelemektir. Araştırmanın katılımcılarını Anadolu Üniversitesi, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Öğretmenliği Bölümünde öğrenim gören toplam 141 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak, "Empatik Eğilim Ölçeği", "Empatik Beceri Ölçeği-B Formu" ve "Kişisel Bilgi Formu" kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizi için bağımsız örneklem t testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi ANOVA tercih edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, öğretmen adaylarının empatik eğilim ve empatik beceri puan ortalamalarının orta düzeyde olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, öğretmen adaylarının hem empatik eğilim hem de empatik beceri puan ortalamalarının cinsiyet, sınıf düzeyi, anne-baba eğitim, aktif olarak spor yapma ve spor yapma düzeylerine göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır. Sonuç olarak, öğretmenlik mesleği göz önüne alındığında, öğretmen adaylarının empatik beceri düzeylerinin yeterli olmadığı ve empati eğitimi ile empatik beceri düzeylerinin geliştirilebileceği söylenebilir.

Sports participation can improve many cognitive and physical performances. It is important to test diff erent sports in diff erent perceptual and motor tests in order to expose the demands of sports. Thus, in this study, we investigated if there are some perceptual and motor performance diff erences between fencers and aged match sedentary group. Nineteen fencers and nineteen non-fencers performed choice reaction time in an aiming task. Reaction time (RT), accuracy, and velocity of the movements were measured. Results displayed that fencers had signifi cantly faster RT, better accuracy with faster movements compared to non-fencers. These fi ndings suggest that participating a sport requiring fast and accurate pointing movements can modify perceptual and motor performance parameters. Thus, it could be better to select participants who have better perceptual and motor performances. Moreover, speed-accuracy trade off proposed by Fitts (1954) can be altered through long-term sport participation.