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Decolorization of Reactive Red 239 (RR239) using a sulfate radical (SO 4 .-)-based advanced oxidation process was investigated in a batch photoreactor. SO 4 .was generated in situ through activation of peroxydisulfate under UV-C illumination. Effect of initial pH (3-9), initial dye concentration (20-50 mg dm-3), S 2 O 8 2dosage (0-3 mmol dm-3) and lamp power (0-16 W) were explored. It was found that initial pH of RR239 solution had no considerable effect on decolorization efficiency. Experimental results demonstrated that decolorization efficiency enhanced with increasing S 2 O 8 2dosage and lamp power and decreasing initial dye concentration. Quenching experiments were performed with alcohols to determine the dominant radical. Under the conditions tested in this study, 98% and 70% decolorization and aromatic degradation efficiencies were obtained within 120 min of irradiation time, respectively. Decolorization and aromatic degradation efficiencies of RR239 in PS/UV-C and PMS/UV-C systems were evaluated in terms of electrical energy consumption per order by figure of merit approach.

In this paper, the direct liquefaction of Turkish Niğde-Ulukışla oil shale in noncatalytic and catalytic conditions was studied. The effects of pressure, tetralin/oil shale ratio, catalyst type and concentration, reaction time and temperature and oil shale/waste paper ratio on the process were investigated. It was found that tetralin/oil shale ratio had no considerable effect on the total and liquefaction products conversions under the noncatalytic conditions. Fe 2 O 3 , MoO 3 , Mo(CO) 6 , Cr(CO) 6 and zeolite were used as catalysts in catalytic liquefaction. The highest total and liquefaction products conversions were obtained using MoO 3 as catalyst at a concentration of 9% by weight. Reaction temperature of 400 °C and reaction time of 90 minutes were chosen according to obtained liquefaction results. Co-liquefaction experiments were performed using waste paper. Both the total and oil + gas conversions were increased to a considerable extent by the application of the co-liquefaction process. According to gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis, the liquid product from the liquefaction process of oil shale under catalytic conditions of experiment 22 consisted mainly of naphthalene and its derivatives and polycyclic hydrocarbon such as indene and its derivatives.