In the July number of the Journal there appeared a series of contributions on the revision of the Collision Regulations, preceded by an introductory note which referred to a number of the more important papers on this subject published in the Journal during the last ten years. Partly as a result of this series of contributions, and of a questionnaire recently circulated by the International Chamber of Shipping, Captain Thompson, Master of the S.S. Magara, after discussion with those concerned with the Rules on board his vessel, has drawn up, for general discussion, draft revised Collision Regulations. Naturally they depend heavily on ideas published in the Journal and elsewhere; indeed their particular value is that they take account of many of these ideas and attempt to express them in a practical and seamanlike fashion. Clearly there are loopholes in the draft: it is the work of seamen, not lawyers. What matters at this stage is the intention, which is to provide rules and a code of conduct which are simple, unambiguous and clear. Commander P. C. H. Clissold made some useful comments on the original draft.Of those who took part in the discussion on the Collision Regulations published in the Journal (22, 285), some favour amending the present rules. and others refraining them completely. There are grounds for thinking that a similar dissension exists among seamen.

Access control remains an important concern to roadway agencies as the spacing of at-grade access points significantly affects both the safety and operational performance of highways. Significant variability exists with respect to policies dictating where the first access points may occur in the vicinity of interchanges. This study examines two important spacing criteria, which include: (1) the distance from the freeway off-ramp to the first access on the interchanging arterial roadway; and (2) the distance from a freeway on-ramp to the first at-grade intersection in areas with partial access control. To investigate these relationships, a series of crash prediction models were estimated that examined how crash risk changed with respect to access spacing while controlling for the effects of traffic volume and other pertinent characteristics. The results illustrate that at cross-streets near ramp terminal intersections, the crash rate generally increases as the distance to the nearest access point decreases. The same trend was also true of freeway transition areas. Ultimately, this research illustrates a complex relationship that exists among the proximity of the exit point of the controlled access facility and the adjacent access point, the volume of traffic along the roadway, and the volume of traffic at the access point.

It is doubtful if at any period in the history of seafaring a greater effort has been made to organize the safe conduct of ships about the seas than that which is being made today, and it is equally doubtful if the need was ever more urgent. At the present time a large amount of thought and work is being put into the task of trying to formulate rules and systems aimed at providing for the safer navigation of vessels at sea. Excellent ideas have been proposed for conduct in traffic, such as those put forward by Dr. Calvert, Admiral García-Frías and many others, which, together with the systems of traffic separation which have been established in areas of heavy shipping concentrations, could bring about a decrease in the present rate of marine casualties.

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