What are the novel findings of this work?Comparison of brain cortical folding in fetuses conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART) and fetuses conceived spontaneously showed distinct differences, with reduced sulci depth and lower Sylvian fissure grading score in ART fetuses, and more pronounced changes in the fetuses conceived by ART using fresh embryo transfer (ET) than those conceived using frozen ET. ART infants also showed lower Ages and Stages Questionnaire scores, especially in the fresh ET group. What are the clinical implications of this work?Neurosonography is an appropriate tool to identify subtle brain differences among fetuses conceived by ART. These findings suggest the existence of in-utero brain reorganization associated with ART, and support neurodevelopmental follow-up in offspring conceived by ART.

This study demonstrates that, relative to appropriatefor-gestational-age controls, small fetuses exhibit smaller midbrain measurements, namely corpus callosumfastigium length and tectal length, with more pronounced differences in those with fetal growth restriction. What are the clinical implications of this work?If future studies in small fetuses confirm the association of prenatal corpus callosum-fastigium and tectal lengths with neurodevelopmental outcome, these midbrain measurements could feasibly represent biomarkers for suboptimal neurodevelopment.