Background:Renal transplantation has been associated with a significantly increased risk of developing cancers during long-term follow-up, but for bladder cancer, this risk is less clear. We therefore performed a meta-analysis to determine whether bladder cancer risk in renal transplant recipients was increased.Methods:Eligible studies were identified through searches of PubMed and other public resources. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to pool overall estimates for standardised incidence ratios (SIRs). Heterogeneity test, sensitivity analysis, and assessment of publishing bias were also performed.Results:We identified a 3.18-fold higher SIR (95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.34–7.53, P=0.008) of bladder cancer in patients following renal transplantation compared with the general population, based on data from 79 988 patients with a total follow-up of 308 458 patient-years. When stratified by ethnicity, the SIRs for bladder cancer were 2.00 (95% CI: 1.51–2.65, P=0.001) and 14.74 (95% CI: 3.66–59.35, P<0.001) between European and Asian renal transplant recipients, respectively.Conclusions:Our study demonstrated that the risk of developing bladder cancer in transplant populations was increased. Such association suggests that physicians should be more vigilant in checking for bladder cancer in transplantation recipient population.

Purpose: To compare the efficacies of two surgical methods combined with tamsulosin in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) complicated with bladder stones. Methods: A total of 86 patients with BPH complicated with bladder stones and admitted to The People’s Hospital of Dingzhou, Hebei, from October 2021 to October 2022 were selected as subjects. The patients were equally divided into groups A and B (n = 43). Patients in group A were treated with transurethral vaporization and electro-resection of the prostate (TURP) + percutaneous nephroscopic lithotripsy (PCNL), while patients in group B were  treated with TURP + holmium laser lithotripsy (HLL). Baseline clinical information, curative effect, surgery-related indicators, clinical symptoms, and recurrence were compared between the two groups of patients. Results: At 4 weeks post-surgery, Qmax was significantly higher in group B than in  group A, while IPSS score, RUV, and prostate volume were significantly lower in group B than in group A (p ˂ 0.05). The levels of physiological state,  psychological state, social functionality and level of subjective judgment were higher in group B than in group A (p ˂ 0.05). The incidence of complications  in group A was 11.63 %, with a recurrence rate of 6.98 %, while the corresponding values for group B were 13.95 and 4.65 %, respectively  (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The effect of TURP + HLL surgery on patients with BPH complicated with bladder stones is significantly better than that of TURP +  PCNL surgery. The former also reduces clinical symptoms while improving the quality of life of patients.

# These authors contributed equally to this work. metabolic profiles through analyzing complex biofluids (e.g., urine and plasm) can provide important diagnostic and prognostic information [8]. Among the biofluids most commonly analyzed in metabolomic studies, urine appears to be particularly useful, because it is abundant, readily available, easily stored and can be collected by simple, noninvasive techniques [9]. Although, persistent alterations induced by dietary or chronic interventions may also be detected from plasma, but it just provides a description of the metabolic system at the time of sampling, and yet some biochemical or pathological changes may not be specific to external stimuli or genetic modification. By contrast, information from urine is time-averaged because of its collection and storage in the bladder [8]. Therefore, urine was selected to conduct metabolic mapping in many publications [10][11][12]. Among analytical techniques used in metabonomics, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [13] and mass spectroscopy (MS) [14] possessed the dominant status. As known, NMR has the advantage of being rapid, high reproducibility, nondestructive to samples, applicable to intact biomaterials and rich in chemical structural information. In addition, unlike GC-MS and certain liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods,