Purpose of the study. The digitization of the economy transforms the ways of delivering and consuming goods and services, which in turn affects all spheres of human activity. The field of electronic commerce is a relatively young area of statistical observation, therefore, at present, researchers, government officials, business representatives and other interested persons lack statistical information, which, in turn, helps to study the economic, social and environmental consequences of the digitized world. The purpose of this study is a quantitative description of the development trends and the degree of regional differentiation of electronic commerce in the Russian Federation in the context of international comparisons.Materials and methods. The article used the official statistical information of Rosstat and Eurostat, on the basis of which the trends in the development of electronic interaction in the business sphere were analyzed and tools were proposed for a quantitative description of regional digital gaps in the regions of Russia and the European Union countries for 2010–2017. As quantitative characteristics of regional differentiation, statistical indicators of variation and localization indicators were used (based on Gini and Lorentz coefficients). Results. The analysis conducted in the study showed the consistency of assessments of the regional digital divide based on economic and statistical indicators. This approach expands the possibilities for an in-depth quantitative description of the processes occurring in the field of digital trading. In addition, it was possible to identify the level of development of e-commerce in Russia in comparison with the leading economies of the European Union, as well as identify the scale of penetration of broadband Internet access among organizations, the involvement of Russian regions and European countries in the processes of placing and receiving orders for goods and services in the global network. According to the results of the study, it should be concluded that despite the obvious leading position of some European countries not only in comparison with Russian regions, but also on a global scale, the development of e-commerce in Russia and the European Union occurs at a comparable pace. It should also be noted that in the case of Russia, this development is more homogeneous in terms of regional differentiation.Conclusion. Despite the fact that digitalization is transforming both business and personal life, there is currently an extremely small amount of information that helps quantify the economic, social and environmental consequences of this phenomenon. In order to further improve the statistical accounting of the digital economy in general and aspects of electronic commerce in particular, at this stage it is necessary: to determine the nature, structure, characteristics, elements, levels of control, movement of the digital economy’s commodity money supply for statistical purposes; identify specific digital technologies, their use in sectors of the economy and their contribution to the gross domestic product; develop a system of statistical indicators on the basis of state programs and strategies, the current methodology of statistical accounting of the information society, international recommendations and development of quantitative measurement of non-governmental organizations.

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Quantitative measurement of the competencies of the employed population in the use of modern technologies makes it possible to characterize the resources for the development of the digital economy and the factors for the spread of digital innovations in the economic activities of enterprises in terms of the quality of human capital. Many empirical studies and analytical reports characterize digital skills using measures of the number of specialists in the field of information and communication technologies. However, this approach is limited, since the spread of digital business models and the introduction of technologies in all areas of the economy have increased the skill complexity of work in a wide range of occupations. Now, the personnel of the digital economy can be considered not only ICT specialists, but also those employees who intensively use computer and computing equipment and software systems.Purpose of the study. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for quantifying the skills of using digital technologies among the employed population based on official statistical methodology, testing it on real data, as well as analyzing trends in the development of digital skills in recent years, including for various socio-economic and demographic categories of the employed population.Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, international and domestic experience in building summary indicators of competencies necessary for the operation of computer equipment and work with standard and specialized programs and applications was studied. A comparative analysis of such approaches has been carried out. The index method was used to calculate the digital skills indicator. Grouping methods, tabular and graphical methods, dynamics analysis methods, distribution variation analysis methods were used to form summary results and analyze them.The information source of the study was microdata from sample surveys of the Federal State Statistics Service. The indicators are presented in the annual frequency for 2016-2020 for the Russian Federation.Results. The advantages and disadvantages of digital skills assessment approaches were identified. A methodology has been developed for calculating the weighted average level of digital skills of the employed population. The calculation was carried out using this method based on the microdata of sample surveys for 2020. The changes that have taken place in the distribution of employees by levels of digital skills have been studied. The dynamics of the level of digital skills is analyzed, including by age groups, professional groups and types of economic activity.Conclusion. The results of the analysis of the development of digital skills can be used in studies on modeling the relationship between the level of user competencies of personnel in the digital environment and the development of the digital economy in order to study the features and patterns of digital transformation of economic activity in the Russian Federation in a deeper and more comprehensive way.

В работе рассматриваются аргументы в пользу существования однокомпонентных малых металлических частиц с габитусом, близким к додекаэдрическому; приводятся результаты соответствующих экспериментов по электроосаждению серебра и обсуждаются экспериментальные результаты.Ключевые слова: электроосаждение, серебро, медь, пентагональная симметрия, группа симметрии, дефект дисклинационного типа, додекаэдрThe arguments for the existence of monatomic small metallic particles of a nearly dodecahedral habit have been considered. The results of the corresponding experiments on electrodeposition of silver have been reported and discussed.

В статье рассматриваются проблемы, связанные с оценкой вклада цифровой экономики в экономику Российской Федерации. Автором приведен обзор наиболее часто цитируемых публикаций, содержащих сведения об объеме цифровой экономики в валовом внутреннем продукте России, а также методики расчета этого показателя. Обзор осуществлялся по наиболее цитируемым российскими авторами публикациям. В их число входят исследования и аналитические отчеты Российской ассоциации электронных коммуникаций, Boston Consulting Group и McKinsey. В результате исследования был сделан вывод о том, что отсутствие единой концепции цифровой экономики для целей статистики, а также методики измерения вклада цифровой экономики в валовой внутренний продукт затрудняет процессы цифровой трансформации, так как нет необходимых инструментов контроля и мониторинга. Применяемые в международной статистике классификационные принципы в настоящее время являются основой дифференциации видов продуктов, относящихся к цифровой экономике. При этом эксперты признают недостаточную степень детализации исходных данных для идентификации и классификации соответствующих видов продуктов при ориентации на данные национальных счетов. В перспективе необходимо на основе имеющегося опыта международных организаций, а также отечественных разработок и концепций разработать мероприятия по стимулированию отражения сфер цифровой экономики в системе национальных счетов, созданию статистического инструментария, который бы позволил избежать фрагментарного изучения цифровой экономики.