Both A2V and A2L are viable parameters to discriminate healthy from keratoconic but also crosslinked from non-crosslinked keratoconic corneas. The difference of A1L-A2L could reliably discriminate crosslinked from non-crosslinked and healthy corneas. Follow-up examination in a small cohort allows distinction between crosslinked and untreated keratoconus in follow-up examinations. The difference of A1L-A2L could reliably discriminate crosslinked from non-crosslinked and healthy corneas. Measurements of corneal deformation using dynamic ultrahigh-speed Scheimpflug technology are reproducible and provide useful information about keratoconus assessment and biomechanics. Therefore, the Corvis ST seems to provide useful technology to monitor therapeutic success of crosslinking treatment.

In eyes with epiretinal membrane, measuring errors in the SD-OCT occur significantly more frequently than in eyes without any retinal pathologies. If epiretinal membrane and glaucoma are present simultaneously, the results of the automated RNFL measurement using SD-OCT should be critically scrutinised, even if no papillary changes are visible clinically.

With specialist knowledge ophthalmologists can make a valuable contribution to the interdisciplinary work-up of patients with vertigo as the leading symptom. The neuro-ophthalmological examination of eye movements by an ophthalmologist and/or orthoptist is an important contribution because the various vertigo syndromes can only be correctly evaluated by a combined examination of the vestibular and ocular motor systems. If the ophthalmologist is the first doctor to examine a patient suspected disorders from other specialist fields can be indicated, in particular neurology and otorhinolaryngology. When taking the patient history the ophthalmologist should inquire about the type and duration of the vertigo, triggering or modifying factors and accompanying symptoms. This is followed by a systematic examination of the eye position and the different types of eye movements, the head-impulse test and a special examination to check for the presence of nystagmus.

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Although ocular alterations alone rarely cause vertigo, the ophthalmologist can play an important role in the interdisciplinary context by testing visual function. Assessment of ocular motility is the most important individual examination in the diagnostic evaluation of vertigo. Methods that analyze specific visual functions, like the dynamic visual acuity test, may play an important role in the future. In addition to neuro-ophthalmologic disorders, ocular alterations are also receiving increasing attention. They are postulated to be a key element in the development of multifactorial age-related vertigo. However, further investigation is required to confirm this supposition and to define the influence of disturbances in specific visual qualities, e.g. visual acuity, visual field, binocular vision, anisometropia, multifocal correction, higher order aberrations and metamorphopsia.