BackgroundHIV/AIDS and Diabetes Mellitus are the diseases’ known to supress cell mediated immunity and predispose patients for opportunistic infections. Hence, we conducted a study to compare the common opportunistic infections (OIs) between People Living with HIV with DM (PLHIV-DM) and PLHIV without DM (PLHIV).MethodologyPLHIV with DM and without DM (1:1) were prospectively included in the study from January 2011 to January 2012 at a tertiary care hospital in Mangalore city. Patients were classified as Diabetic if their fasting plasma glucose was ≥ 7.0mmol/l (126mg/dl) or 2–h plasma glucose was ≥11.1mmol/l (200mg/dl). Standard procedures and techniques were followed for diagnosis of OIs as per WHO guidelines. The data was entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5.FindingsThe study included 37 PLHIV with DM and 37 PLHIV without DM and both groups were treated with Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART). The median age was 47 years (IQR: 41-55years) for PLHIV-DM as compared to 40 years (IQR: 35–45.5 years) for PLHIV (p<0.0001). PLHIV-DM had median CD4 counts of 245 (IQR: 148–348) cells/μl compared to 150(IQR: 70–278) cells/μl for PLHIV (p = 0.02). Common OIs included oral candidiasis (49% of PLHIV-DM and 35% of PLHIV); Cryptococcal meningitis (19% of PLHIV-DM and 16% of PLHIV); Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (5% of PLHIV-DM and 18% of PLHIV); extra pulmonary tuberculosis (22% of PLHIV-DM and 34.5% of PLHIV); and Cerebral toxoplasmosis (11% of PLHIV–DM and 13.5% of PLHIV). Microbiological testing of samples from PLHIV- DM, C krusei was the most common Candida species isolated from 9 out of 18 samples. Out of six pulmonary TB samples cultured, four grew Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) and two Mycobacterium tuberculosis complexes.ConclusionsStudy did not identify any significant difference in profile of opportunistic infections (OIs) between PLHIV with and without Diabetes.

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Jaundice is one of the most common problem that can occur in the newborn. The study group included 100 neonates and control group included 100 neonates. All had hyperbilirubinemia. The controls were fully matched with the study group. All the neonates included in the study group required management with phototherapy. The neonates in the control group were managed without phototherapy. Measurement of serum calcium level, serum sodium levels was done before and after 48 hours of institution of phototherapy in study groups and controls. Before phototherapy, there was no statistical significant difference in mean serum calcium level, serum sodium level in neonates of both study & control group. After 48 hours of phototherapy in study group, a significant fall in calcium level in 38-40 wks 5.08% & 14.6% 35-37 wks neonates was observed, significant fall in serum sodium levels 38-40 wks 5.08% and 35-37wks 7.3%. Whereas, no difference was observed in control group. It is suggested that electrolytes levels be assessed in neonates treated with phototherapy for more than 48 hours and managed accordingly.

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Hypoglycemia is a historically one of the most common metabolic problem seen in both the newborn nursery and NICU but confirming a diagnosis of clinically significant hypoglycemia requires to be investigated. OBJECTIVES: to study incidence of hypoglycemia in NICU, various factors associated with hypoglycemia, clinical features of hypoglycemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study Design: A hospital based prospective study conducted Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of pediatrics, King George Hospital. For a period of 4 months (Jan 2015-April 2015) were 300 new born babies were included. RESULTS: 1) Distribution of hypoglycemia in study group are 95% normoglycemic; 5% hypoglycemic. 2) Among the total babies enrolled % of hypoglycemia in male babies 3% and female babies 2%. 3) Percentage of hypoglycemia among the birth weight <2500gm is 9.1% when compared to >2500gms which is 2.2%. CONCLUSIONS: There is statistical significant association between hypoglycemia and gender i,e p=.04. There is statistically significant association between hypoglycemia and birth weight of the baby i, e p=.01. Further study recommended as our study duration was short and number of babies enrolled are also less.