Background: The global scenario, human beings are using various forms of treatment for relief of pain; among them, medicinal plant products have gained popularity because of its wide range of use and less side effects.Methods: Adult Albino rats of either sex were selected and divided into 5 groups. The Eddy’s hot plate was used and maintained temperature (55±0.5ºC), the animals were placed on the hot plate and the time taken for paw licking or jumping was recorded and considered as nociceptive response. The reaction time was observed on 0, 30, 60, and 90 minute.Results: The hot plate reaction time in sec was collected in the intervals of 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes in all groups. Reaction times as follows: group III (Cissus quadrangularis Linn.) were 2.18±0.04, 3.13±0.05**, 5.83±0.05**, 5.39±0.04**;  Group IV (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) were 2.12±0.03, 4.13±0.04**, 7.43±0.07**, 7.16±0.06**; Group V Cissus quadrangularis Linn+ Zingiber officinale Rosc.) were 2.21±0.75, 4.67±0.98**, 8.15±0.89**, 9.02±0.75**; Group II (Dexamethasone) were 2.14±0.05, 5.53±0.05**, 8.14±0.06**, 10.08±0.10** respectively, Results are presented as mean±SEM, (n=6), *p<0.01, **p<0.05 dunnet test used as compared to control.Conclusions: Present study reveals that, the combination treatment of Zingiber officinale Rosc. + Cissus quadrangularis Linn. has been shown significant analgesic effect. High analgesic effect was observed with combination therapy; the effect was shown same as standard drug dexamethasone.

Purpose:The present paper provides a comprehensive and dynamic profile of Ashtavaidya system of medicine existing in Kerala. It discussed about a traditional group of Vaidyas (specifically Ashtavaidyas) who have inextricable influence on the sociocultural location of traditional healing practices in Kerala. The Ashtavaidyas are the Kerala Brahmin (Namboothiri) practitioners who are specialized in the eight branches of the Ayurveda. Their system of medicine is based on Vagbhata's Ashtangahridyam.Method:The study has relied both on primary and secondary resources for data collection. The primary mode of data gathered through personal interviews. Unstructured interviews used for this purpose. As an interviewer, the researcher collected data from the senior Ashtavaidyas of Kerala. In the first phase, the field work was conducted with Ashtavaidya families of pazhanellippurathu Thaikkattu and Elayidath Thaikkattu situated in Thrissur and Chirattamann Illam and Olassa moss in Kottayam district. The second phase of the field work was with Vaidyamadham and Pulamanthol Illam in the northern part of Kerala. Palm leaves and family histories also constitute the primary resources for the study. The secondary sources include books, journals, articles, unpublished materials.Result:The sociological significance of this study alludes to the way in which the Ashtavaidya tradition sailed through the myriad historical and cultural conjectures. It also informs us about the internal dynamics and differential social location within a normatively given community which produces both an ‘elevated’ space of priesthood and Vaidyas.Conclusion:Cultural factors play a critically important role in health. Social conditions and situations not only promote the possibility of illness and disability, but they also enhance prospects for disease prevention and health maintenance. Individuals and societies tend to respond to health problems in a manner consistent with their culture, norms and values.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health problem in India, so early diagnosis and treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.) infection can prevent deaths from this pathogen. The secretion of proteins by M.tb. is important in diagnostic purposes for generation of therapeutic drugs and vaccines candidates for TB. The objective of this study was to identify the protein expression (biomarkers) in TB and Tuberculosis meningitis (TBM) using proteomic approach. Methods: In this study, using Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE), we analyzed the secretory proteins of M.tb. in serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. The identified proteins were determined by Total Lab- 100 Quantity One densitometry software. Results: Our study showed that protein bands expressed in CSF samples reveals the presence of 72kD, 70kD, 44kD, 40kD & 16kD predominantly in TBM patients compared to healthy individuals. The electrophoretogram identified 97kD, 72kD, 44kD, 38kD, 29kD & 16kD predominant proteins in serum samples of TB patients. Conclusion: The detection of secretory proteins in serum and CSF samples of M.tb. in TB and TBM patients gives reliable and early diagnosis of TB and TBM. The secretory proteins can be useful as immunodiagnostic and vaccine targets which can serve as important biomarkers