In 2018, Kīlauea Volcano experienced its largest lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption and caldera collapse in at least 200 years. After collapse of the Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō vent on 30 April, magma propagated downrift. Eruptive fissures opened in the LERZ on 3 May, eventually extending ~6.8 kilometers. A 4 May earthquake [moment magnitude (Mw) 6.9] produced ~5 meters of fault slip. Lava erupted at rates exceeding 100 cubic meters per second, eventually covering 35.5 square kilometers. The summit magma system partially drained, producing minor explosions and near-daily collapses releasing energy equivalent toMw4.7 to 5.4 earthquakes. Activity declined rapidly on 4 August. Summit collapse and lava flow volume estimates are roughly equivalent—about 0.8 cubic kilometers. Careful historical observation and monitoring of Kīlauea enabled successful forecasting of hazardous events.

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The space-time distribution of slip of the 17 August 1999 İzmit earthquake is investigated by inverting synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry and Global Positioning System (GPS) data, together with teleseismic broadband and nearfield strong-motion records. Surface offsets are used as an added constraint. Special emphasis is given to analysis of the resolution of the different data sets. We use a four-segment finite fault model and a nonlinear inversion scheme, allowing slip to vary in amplitude, direction, and duration, as well as variable rupture velocity. From the inversion of synthetic data, we find that the best spatial resolution can be expected in the upper half of the fault model (above 12 km), where coverage of the interferometric SAR data is good (western half of the rupture), and near the GPS and strongmotion stations. Teleseismic data are found to have a lower resolution that is more evenly distributed over the fault model. The joint inversion of all the data sets has an increased resolving power compared with the separate inversions and gives a more robust description of the space and time distribution of slip. Our study shows the importance of resolution tests in evaluating the reliability of earthquake kinematic models, and it confirms that an excellent fit of a single kind of data does not necessarily imply a good retrieval of the kinematic properties of an earthquake. The İzmit rupture, which is almost pure right-lateral strike-slip faulting, is dominated by the bilateral breaking of a central asperity located between 29.7Њ E (about 10 km west of the city of Gölcük) and 30.4Њ E (eastern margin of Sapanka Lake), with slip reaching 6-8 m in the depth range 6-12 km. The western termination of the rupture is found near the city of Yalova, but large slip ends around 29.7Њ E (about 10 km east of Hersek Delta). A second area of large slip is required by all the data sets further east toward the city of Düzce, between 30.7Њ E and 31.1Њ E (Karadere and Düzce faults). This eastern slip zone, which is separated from the main central asperity by an area of greatly reduced slip, is less well constrained by the data. However, a strong-motion station near the city of Düzce helps to locate a high-slip patch near 31.1Њ E in the depth range 6-12 km. The total seismic moment resulting from the joint inversion is 2.4 ‫ן‬ 10 27 dyne cm. Most of the energy release occurred in a short time, less than 15 sec, corresponding to the bilateral breaking of the central asperity. Rupture propagation is relatively uniform and fast toward the west, with a rupture velocity close to 3.5 km/sec. Propagation of large slip toward the east is initially slower, but it accelerates during a short time interval about 10 sec after rupture nucleation. Eastward progression then slows down to less than 2 km/sec after 15 sec, and rupture almost vanishes in amplitude ca. 20 sec after initiation. Rupture propagation then proceeds on the easternmost Karadere and Düzce fault segments, east of 30.7Њ E, from 22 to ca. 50 sec. Supershear ruptu...

[1] New seismic and geodetic data from Costa Rica provide insight into seismogenic zone processes in Central America, where the Cocos and Caribbean plates converge. Seismic data are from combined land and ocean bottom deployments in the Nicoya peninsula in northern Costa Rica and near the Osa peninsula in southern Costa Rica. In Nicoya, inversion of GPS data suggests two locked patches centered at 14 ± 2 and 39 ± 6 km depth. Interplate microseismicity is concentrated in the more freely slipping intermediate zone, suggesting that small interseismic earthquakes may not accurately outline the updip limit of the seismogenic zone, the rupture zone for future large earthquakes, at least over the short ($1 year) observation period. We also estimate northwest motion of a coastal ''sliver block'' at 8 ± 3 mm/yr, probably related to oblique convergence. In the Osa region to the south, convergence is orthogonal to the trench. Cocos-Caribbean relative motion is partitioned here, with $8 cm/yr on the Cocos-Panama block boundary (including a component of permanent shortening across the Fila Costeña fold and thrust belt) and $1 cm/yr on the Panama block-Caribbean boundary. The GPS data suggest that the Cocos plate-Panama block boundary is completely locked from $10-50 km depth. This large locked zone, as well as associated forearc and back-arc deformation, may be related to subduction of the shallow Cocos Ridge and/or younger lithosphere compared to Nicoya, with consequent higher coupling and compressive stress in the direction of plate convergence.

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