Human adenoviruses (AdVs) are one of the most common causes of acute respiratory viral infections worldwide. Multiple AdV serotypes with low cross-reactivity circulate in the human population, making the development of an effective vaccine very challenging. In the current study, we designed a cross-reactive AdV vaccine based on the T-cell epitopes conserved among various AdV serotypes, which were inserted into the genome of a licensed cold-adapted live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) backbone. We rescued two recombinant LAIV-AdV vaccines by inserting the selected AdV T-cell epitopes into the open reading frame of full-length NA and truncated the NS1 proteins of the H7N9 LAIV virus. We then tested the bivalent vaccines for their efficacy against influenza and human AdV5 in a mouse model. The vaccine viruses were attenuated in C57BL/6J mice and induced a strong influenza-specific antibody and cell-mediated immunity, fully protecting the mice against virulent influenza virus infection. The CD8 T-cell responses induced by both LAIV-AdV candidates were functional and efficiently killed the target cells loaded either with influenza NP366 or AdV DBP418 peptides. In addition, high levels of recall memory T cells targeted to an immunodominant H2b-restricted CD8 T-cell epitope were detected in the immunized mice after the AdV5 challenge, and the magnitude of these responses correlated with the level of protection against pulmonary pathology caused by the AdV5 infection. Our findings suggest that the developed recombinant vaccines can be used for combined protection against influenza and human adenoviruses and warrant further evaluation on humanized animal models and subsequent human trials.
Слюна является многокомпонентной биологической жидкостью, в состав которой входят разнообразные белковые молекулы. Одна из основных функций слюны-защита от проникающих в ротовую полость патогенных бактерий. Известно, что антимикробные пептиды (АМП) врожденного иммунитета играют важную роль в обеспечении противоинфекционных свойств слюны. Однако концентрация этих пептидов в слюне невысока, в то время как одним из мажорных ее компонентов являются секретируемые околоушными железами пролин-богатые белки и фрагменты их протеолитического расщепленияпептиды. Функция пролин-богатых белков и пептидов слюны остается малоизученной, а роль их в антимикробной защите не ясна. Можно предположить, что функции этих соединений в ротовой полости реализуются при взаимодействии с другими компонентами слюны, например АМП. Целью данной работы было изучение совместного антимикробного действия фрагмента одного из катионных пролинбогатых белков-Р-F (43-61)-и АМП врожденного иммунитета-кателицидина LL-37 и гистатина 5-in vitro. Нами был проведен химический синтез пептида P-F (43-61). С применением метода серийных разведений в жидкой питательной среде и титрования по схеме «шахматной доски» показано, что хотя пептид P-F (43-61) проявляет низкую антимикробную активность, но при его совместном применении с LL-37 наблюдаются синергетические эффекты антимикробного действия в отношении Escherichia сoli и Staphylococcus aureus (индексы фракционных ингибирующих концентраций (иФИК)-0.31 для обеих бактерий), а с гистатином 5-в отношении Staphylococcus aureus (иФИК = 0.31). Полученные данные позволяют предположить, что пролин-богатые пептиды слюны человека могут участвовать в обеспечении антимикробной защиты ротовой полости, повышая эффективность действия антимикробных пептидов врожденного иммунитета. Ключевые слова: слюна, пролин-богатые пептиды, антимикробные пептиды, врожденный иммунитет
Saliva is an important biological fluid that reflects human’s health. Its main function is protection of the oral cavity from pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of the innate immunity may play an important role in anti-infectious defense of the oral cavity, but their relative amount in saliva is low. It’s major component is Proline-rich peptides (PRPs), whose impact in antimicrobial protection remains poorly understood. We suggest that salivary PRPs may reveal their defensive functions upon interaction with other molecules, in particular with AMPs. The aim of this work is an investigation of the combined antibacterial action of salivary PRPs (fragments of Basic salivary proline-rich protein 1: P-H (37-51), IB6 (98-116), p1932) with antimicrobial peptides (histatin 5 and cathelicidin LL-37 and beta-defensin hBD3). Listed PRPs have been obtained by chemical solid-phase synthesis. The method of broth microdilutions was used to compare minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of individual fractions of AMPs and their MICs in the presence of salivary peptides. It was found that in the presence of peptides IB6 (98-116) or P-H (37-51) the activity of defensin hBD3 was increased (reduction of MICs by 2 times) against Staphylococcus aureus SG511. In the presence of IB6 (98-116) or p1932 the activity of this defensin against E. coli ML35p was also improved (MICs of hBD3 was lowered by 2 times). For other combinations of the peptides, this effect was not observed. The obtained data confirm the assumption that the combined action of varied salivary peptides, including cationic Proline-rich peptides, plays an important role in anti-infectious protection of the oral cavity.
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