where R* is the Zener limit, ,' the radius of the pinning particles and ./' the volume fraction of particles. Equation(1) is knownas the Zener Equatlon and its genera] form is given as:
Derivation of the Zener EquationZener did not provide a diagram for the interaction geometry of a particle with a grain boundary, but based on the description given by Smithl) a schematic illustration was prepared by (Fig, l)
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