In order to investigate daily changes of hematological parameters in bleeding-induced anemia, we treated Wistar albino male rats by daily bleeding (1.5-2 mL of blood from the tail vein for eight days). Blood samples were taken before (on day zero) and on the first to eighth days of bleeding. The values of hematocrit, hemoglobin, and erythrocyte count decreased significantly after the second, sixth, and second days of bleeding, respectively. The number of leuko­cytes and platelets, as well as Heinz body levels, increased significantly after the third and second days of treatment. The percentage of reticulocytes increased significantly from the second day and attained the maximum level (32.55 ± 0.96%) on the eighth day

Pancreas divisum cases are unique requiring clinical experience, rational approach, and complex multimodal management. MRCP is a valuable diagnostic method. Amongst therapeutic options, outer and internal drainage can be seen as reliable methods. Further investigations are absolutely required to determine practical and appropriate conclusions.

Even though silent brain infarction is more frequent in patients with unstable plaque of carotid bifurication, the difference is of no statistical significance. The effects of the number and type of risk factors bear no statistical significance on the incidence of morphological asymptomatic carotid plaque.

For patients with pancreatic cancer, surgical resection still remains the only chance of cure. These procedures are performed with acceptable postoperative mortality and morbidity rate. The percentage of cured patients is still unsatisfactorily low.

Studies have shown that SEMS remain patient longer with fewer associated complications compared with conventional plastic strents. Zilver stent, a nitinol zig-zag mash SEMS has a special advantage, having a thin introducer diameter of 7 Fr with a fully deployed span of 10mm. For a 48-year-old woman presented with obstructive jaundice and a diagnosis of unresectable pancreatic carcinoma with consequent stenosis of common bile duct (CBD), infiltration of local blood vessels and life expectancy longer than six months, it was decided that an endoscopic palliative drainage procedure should be performed. The technique of transendoscopic plastic to metal stent exchange is described, using a diagnostic duodenoscope. The patient lived 7 months after implementation of Zilver stent and died anicteric due to progression of a primary disease. The transendoscopic plastic to metal stent exchange is feasible palliative method which requires a basic endoscopic equipment and experienced staff and therefore is applicable in developing countries as well.