The study titled "Performance and Emission Studies on a 4 stroke Diesel Engine Using Methyl Ester of ALGAE Oil with EGR" involves detail investigation of characteristics (performance and emission] of Blends of Methyl Esters of ALGAE oil by varying the EGR control value (5 to 20%] using direct injection diesel engine. From the preceding studies on similar title it's established that the release of NOX is higher in ALGAE based biodiesel. The focus of this study is about the NOX emission and how it can be reduced by using the cooled EGR.

This paper discusses the combustion characteristics of CNG under lean and stochiometric conditions in a direct injection engine. The experiments were carried out on a dedicated CNG-Direct Injection engine with 14:1 compression ratio. Combustion characteristics of CNG have been investigated on various injection timings. Injection timing of the fuel injection timing had significant effects on the engine performance, combustion and emissions. The effects became more significant when injection timing was retarded. Injection timing was set after the closing of intake valve and experiments are conducted at 0% and 50% load conditions. Lean stratified operation experiences faster combustion compared to that of stochiometric. In lean stratified operation, there were fast burn rates at the initial stage and slower burning at the later stage. Whereas in stochiometric conditions there is a slightly slower burn at the initial stage and a moderately faster burn at the later stage. The faster initial combustion in lean stratified operation might be due to rapid burn of the initial mixture due to higher turbulence, while a slower burn in the later stage due to diffusion. In contrary to that in stochiometric operations the initial burn is slightly slower, due to moderately strong turbulence and a faster burn due to moderately proceeding mixture. Thus the main effect of fuel injection timing can be explained by the fuel air mixing and the turbulence produced.

Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) is a dual fuel combustion method that relies on the significant difference in reactivity of the fuels involved. RCCI had a low performance at high engine speed due to its high tendency on knocking and high pressure rise rate. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of the fuel stratification on the RCCI combustion and its extended to the interaction of two low reactive fuels, gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG), in the RCCI combustion system. The investigation was experimentally performed on a single cylinder engine and constant volume chamber. The stratification was created by varying injection timing in the engine by injecting CNG at 80 and 120 before top dead center (BTDC) and varying injection gap in the constant volume chamber with the gaps between two fuel injection timing were varied between 0 ms to 20 ms. The results in the engine experiment show that proportions of gasoline and CNG and degree of stratification of CNG were found to be effective means of combustion control within certain limits of engine load and HC and CO emissions could be significantly reduced. While in constant volume chamber it has a significant effect on the combustion phasing. Stratified mixture produces shorter combustion duration while homogeneous mixture produces longer duration.

The demand for fuel is increasing everyday life and its risks poses a serious problem to this globalization. It is an unprecedented alternative fuel source for biodiesel designed to increase the value of fossil fuels and increase the longevity and purity of the diesel engine. The origin of fossil fuels will decrease in the coming years, besides, the price and demand for fuel will be rare. The negative environmental barrier prompted researchers to find alternative fuels for fossil fuels. Biodiesel from watermelon seed oil (WSO) had a lot of appeal and could be a different alternative to diesel without any mechanical modifications. This will help protect the environmental status of crude oil in oil imports, which is expected to increase by 82% by 2020. The present study focuses on the comparative behavior of B20 [1], which is zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) with various nanoparticles. In some cases, Zirconia is the white crystalline oxide of Zirconia, so it’s most natural form with a monoclinic crystal structure is batiste ore. Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) with 20% watermelon seed oil biodiesel + 80% diesel (B20). The compounds were mixed with 20 particles per million (ppm), 40 ppm, B20 with 60 ppm and B20 with a magnetic motion for 30 min, followed by sonication of the nanoparticles for 30 min, respectively. Biodiesel compounds at a B20 ratio in diesel fuel increase efficiency and reduce emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and smoke due to the emission of nitrogen oxides due to better combustion properties. Criticisms conclude that additional applications of biodiesel are best for improving combustion efficiency and reducing emissions.

A solid state welding, like friction stir welding (FSW) is commonly suitable for joining dissimilar aluminium plates. A non-consumable revolving tool was used to induce heat and plastic distortion between abutting surfaces of the plates. This paper, presented the influence of tool revolving speed, axial force and weld transverse speed on tensile and impact strength properties were evaluated for the joint by using destructive test. The FSW has been done at tool revolving speed of 1000, 1100, 1200 rpm, weld speed of 30, 45, 60 mm/min and tool plunge force of 3, 4, 5 kN on dissimilar aluminium alloy AA7075 and AA6063 by two different tool profiles of Triangle and square. Better mixing of both aluminium alloy joints was achieved at lower welding transverse speed of 30 mm/min with high tool revolving speed of 1200 rpm. Also it is found that the use of the triangular profile of the tool gives better mechanical properties. The growth in mechanical properties is attributed to the maturation of fine grain and intermetallic compound in the weld region.