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Salmonid alphavirus (SAV), genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae, is a single-stranded RNA virus affecting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). It is known to be responsible for pancreas disease (PD) and sleeping disease (SD) which are increasing problems, causing high fish mortality and economic losses in the European aquaculture industry. Pancreas disease was first described in Atlantic salmon in Scotland in 1976 and a similar disease caused by the closely related sleeping disease virus was first described in rainbow trout in France. There have also been reports of salmonid alphavirus infections from other European countries, including Ireland, England, Norway, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Salmonid alphaviruses have been classified into six subtypes (SAV1–6). SAV1 and SAV4–6 cause pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon in Ireland or Scotland, SAV2 is the causative agent of sleeping disease in rainbow trout, and SAV3 has been detected in Atlantic salmon in Norway. The aim of this paper was to summarise current knowledge of infections caused by salmonid alphavirus and diagnostic methods including the newest techniques, and to briefly describe prevention from SAV infections by vaccination.

Recently, a rapid increase in the resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics and chemotherapeutics admitted for use in aquaculture has been observed. This happens especially often in intensive breeding. The use of drugs in closed circuits is problematic because it can damage biological filters. Therefore, in recent years, there has been a growing interest in natural methods of combating pathogens. These include bacteriophages. The aim of the study was to determine the safety of the new BAFADOR® bacteriophage‐based preparation, its effect on selected immunological parameters and the effectiveness of prophylactic and therapeutic use after experimental infections with pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The use of BAFADOR® increased the activity of lysozyme, total protein level and immunoglobulin level. The level of ceruloplasmin in the rainbow trout serum remained unchanged regardless of the route of administration of the preparation. Potential killing activity and metabolic activity of spleen phagocytes and proliferation of pronephros lymphocytes were higher compared to the control group. Both therapeutic and prophylactic application of the preparation after mixed experimental infection of A. hydrophila and P. fluorescens limited the mortality of rainbow trout.

Previous research found that memory is not only better for emotional information but also for neutral information that has been encoded in the context of an emotional event. In the present ERP study, we investigated two factors that may influence memory for neutral and emotional items: temporal proximity between emotional and neutral items during encoding, and retention interval (immediate vs. delayed). Forty-nine female participants incidentally encoded 36 unpleasant and 108 neutral pictures (36 neutral pictures preceded an unpleasant picture, 36 followed an unpleasant picture, and 36 neutral pictures were preceded and followed by neutral pictures) and participated in a recognition memory task either immediately (N = 24) or 1 week (N = 25) after encoding. Results showed better memory for emotional pictures relative to neutral pictures. In accordance, enhanced centroparietal old/new differences (500-900 ms) during recognition were observed for unpleasant compared to neutral pictures, most pronounced for the 1-week interval. Picture position effects, however, were only subtle. During encoding, late positive potentials for neutral pictures were slightly lower for neutral pictures following unpleasant ones, but only at trend level. To summarize, we could replicate and extend previous ERP findings showing that emotionally arousing events are better recollected than neutral events, particularly when memory is tested after longer retention intervals. Picture position during encoding, however, had only small effects on elaborative processing and no effects on memory retrieval.

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