Recent studies have suggested that memory circuits can be modulated by deep brain stimulation (DBS). This propriety might be used to slow down cognitive decline in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD). We conducted a prospective study to evaluate the feasibility and safety of DBS in AD patients with mild cognitive decline. Inclusion criteria were: patients (<70 years old) with AD diagnosed for less than 2 years, predominant impairment of episodic memory, and Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE) score between 20 and 24. The fornix was stimulated bilaterally by electrodes implanted stereotactically in the hypothalamus. Clinical, biological, neuropsychological, and imaging evaluations were conducted 3 months before surgery and 3, 6, and 12 months thereafter. During the one year-period of inclusion, 110 patients with recently diagnosed AD and predominant impairment of episodic memory were screened. Only 9 patients (8.2%) fulfilled all the inclusion criteria. Finally, just one patient accepted to be operated (acceptance rate 11.1%) and completed the study. No complications occurred and the stimulation was perfectly tolerated. After one year of stimulation, the memory scores (MMSE, ADAS-Cog, Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test) were stabilized compared to baseline, and mesial temporal lobes metabolism increased. This pilot study provides new data about the safety of fornix DBS in the hypothalamus. However, it suggests that only a small proportion of AD patients might be interested in this approach and that the acceptance of DBS by AD patients was low, raising questions about the relevance of this approach to meet the expectations of these patients.

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Rationale:Exogenous lipoid pneumonia is a rare condition due to abnormal presence of oily substances in the lungs. It is a rarely known cause for false positive 18FDG PET-CT results and can sometimes lead to invasive investigations. Searching and finding the source of the oily substance is one of the keys to the diagnosis. Inhalation of oily drugs during snorting has rarely been described.Patient concerns:A patient with well controlled HIV infection was referred for an 18FDG PET-CT to assess extension of Kaposi's disease, recently removed from his right foot. The patient had no particular symptoms.Diagnoses:Abnormal uptake of 18FDG was found in a suspicious lung nodule. An experienced radiologist thought the nodule was due to lipoid pneumonia.Interventions:Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid did not contain lipid-laden macrophages but bronchoscopy showed violet lesions resembling Kaposi's disease lesions. Lobectomy was performed after a multidisciplinary discussion.Outcomes:Anatomopathological analysis revealed the nodule was due to lipoid pneumonia. The patient's quality of life did not diminish after the operation and he is still in good health. The source of the oily substance causing lipoid pneumonia was found after the surgery: the patient used to snort oily drugs.Lessons:The presence of a suspicious lung nodule possibly due to lipoid pneumonia in a patient with known Kaposi's disease was difficult to untangle and lead to invasive surgery. It is possible that if a source of exogenous lipoid pneumonia had been found beforehand, surgery could have been prevented.