AimThe aim of this paper was to evaluate the caliber of the following arteries in the lower extremities: the common femoral artery, superficial femoral artery, popliteal artery, posterior tibial artery and dorsalis pedis artery and to determine the relation of the calibers to age, sex and morphological parameters of the body such as weight, height and BMI of the subject.MaterialTwo hundred and twenty-eight healthy persons aged 18–81 were examined (average ±SD; 43.1±16.71): 134 women aged 19–74 (43.2±15.63) and 94 men aged 18–81 (43±18.22).MethodsThe study was conducted with the use of a linear probe of 7.5 MHz frequency. The vascular caliber was assessed after the color map (color Doppler) was placed on a B-mode image.ResultsThe average and standard deviation values for the calibers of examined vessels were determined. The calibers of all vessels examined in the group of men were statistically significantly larger than those in the group of women. No statistically significant differences between the calibers of the right and left sides were determined. The statistically significant correlations were specified between the age and the caliber of the examined vessels; positive for large femoral arteries and negative for the arteries of the crus and foot. Positive, statistically significant correlations between the caliber and the height, weight and BMI were also reported.ConclusionsThe reported calibers of the arteries in the lower extremities and their relation to age, sex and morphological parameters of the subjects enable the differentiation of the physiological remodeling of the vessels from the pathological processes in e.g. atherosclerosis or hypertension.

This article deals with the subject matter of improvement of the acoustic emission methods used for location of partial discharges, which may occur inside power transformer insulation systems. Analytical solutions of spherical equations for location of partial discharge generation using the acoustic method were shown in detail. Presented in the article method of solving the assumed equations is based on the analytical method and matrix notation. Theoretical considerations and later the measurement-based verication refer to the use of the triangulation method for location of the occurrence of partial discharges. The results of the scientic and research works that have been presented in this article are the next stage of research aimed at development of on-line diagnosis system for insulation systems of electrical equipment, allowing for detection, measurement and identication of forms and locations of partial discharges using the acoustic emission method.

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The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the greatest challenges in modern medicine. Despite the implemented social and economic restrictions, the epidemiological situation is still dynamic. Otolaryngologists (especially rhinologists), are a group of doctors particularly exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In order to limit the spread of the virus, it is necessary to implement procedures that minimize the risk of infection of medical personnel and patients. Due to the location of the virus, it is very important in relation to rhinological procedures and operations. The authors reviewed the literature on this topic and presented effective methods to reduce the likelihood of virus transmission during nasal and paranasal sinus surgery used in our center. It is important that pandemic limitations do not affect the duration of diagnosis and initiation of cancer treatment. Neoplasms of the nasal region and paranasal sinuses are detected relatively late due to the time of symptom onset, and further delays in the onset of the therapeutic process are extremely unfavorable. We are of the opinion that rhinological procedures, especially in patients with unknown epidemiological status, should be limited to the necessary minimum - life-threatening conditions and resection of malignant neoplasms. Even in these cases, however, strict adherence to procedures is necessary to reduce the risk of virus transmission. We hope that the implementation of the guidelines presented in the following paper will help in the fight against the current pandemic and its subsequent waves.