Salivary melatonin levels varied according to the degree of periodontal disease. As the degree of periodontal disease increased, the salivary melatonin level decreased, indicating that melatonin may act to protect the body from external bacterial insults. Therefore, melatonin may be potentially valuable in the treatment of periodontal diseases, although further research is required to validate this hypothesis.

The results obtained from this study suggest that melatonin could act as a protective function in fighting periodontal infection. However, further studies in this area are encouraged.

The introduction of osseointegrated implants in dentistry represents a turning point in dental clinical practice. Thanks to their multiple therapeutic possibilities and the high predictability of success, implant therapy is now regarded as an extremely reliable approach to replace missing teeth. The concept of immediate implant loading has recently become popular due to less trauma, reduced overall treatment time, decreased patient's anxiety and discomfort, high patient acceptance and better function and esthetics. Nonetheless, research and understanding in this area are confuse and sometimes contradictory. Hence, it is the purpose of this review to provide rational for immediate implant loading, summarize current available literature, and analyze factors that influencing this newly introduced treatment method. Results from this review indicated that immediate implant loading achieved similar high success rate as that noted in the conventional approach (delayed protocols). However, a careful case selection, proper treatment plan, meticulous surgery and proper design of prosthesis are essential for optimal outcomes when this approach is adopted.

According to these findings, primary DIS failure is more likely in females, at sites other than the anterior mandible, and with dental implants shorter than 15 mm, at least when non-threaded titanium implants are used. These data may be of value in the identification of patients at a high risk of primary DIS failure with immediate implant loading.

: The data reviewed from the literature suggests a higher implant survival predictability as available residual bone increases. However, prospective studies with adequate sample size and control of confounding factors are needed to validate this observation.