Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) have paramount importance with regards to hydrological and ecological functions. Despite such importance in terms of water provision, they are one of the most endangered ecosystems on the planet. One important topic that is still unclear is related to TMCF regeneration: can it recover the hydrological function of such critical ecosystems? In the present paper, the hydrological effects of the natural regeneration of TMCF were examined. We selected three catchments with different degrees of TMCF, and we examined the relationship between the amount of TMCF over time and hydrological variables such as water yields and baseflow using a time series (1984–2011). Our results suggest that the increase in TMCF cover can contribute to increases in water yield. This pattern was found in a catchment with an increase of approximately 20% of forest cover. In catchments with TMCF increase lower than this threshold, water yield and flow path were influenced by hydroclimatic variables such as air temperature and rainfall. The effect of the reduction in water yield, in accordance with the increase in mean temperature, sheds light on possible consequences of climate change on ecosystem services produced in foggy environments. In light of these findings, aiming to increase the water yield, we recommend that regions frequently affected by fog are prioritized for forest restoration or conservation. To ensure significant effects, regeneration and/or successional development of TMCF has to reach at least 20% of a catchment area.
RESUMOApesar da reconhecida importância da Mata Atlântica, há uma escassez de estudos utilizando o sensoriamento remoto como ferramenta para identificação e classificação dos diferentes estágios sucessionais de seus remanescentes florestais. Neste estudo comparamos o desempenho de diferentes métodos para classificação de estágio sucessional e investigamos a existência de sazonalidade na resposta espectral de uma floresta tropical densa na Mata Atlântica. Usamos amostras de treinamento de três estágios sucessionais obtidas a partir de uma ortofoto de 2010 e selecionamos imagens Landsat 5 TM para os anos de 2009, 2010 e 2011, considerando os meses de maiores e menores médias históricas de temperatura e precipitação. Para avaliação da sazonalidade da resposta espectral usamos o teste de Mann-Whitney, comparando cada banda do espectro eletromagnético e estágios sucessionais entre as épocas de aquisição das imagens. Para classificação da cobertura vegetal usamos três Índices de vegetação (NDVI, EVI e NDMI) e Análise Discriminante Quadrática (QDA). Comparamos a acurácia dos classificadores a partir de matrizes de validação cruzada. Nossos resultados mostram diferenças significativas entre os estágios sucessionais para todas as bandas espectrais, com melhor distinção na época de menores temperaturas e precipitação. QDA foi o classificador com maior acerto global (92%), seguido por NDMI (68%), NDVI (67%) e EVI (59%). Concluímos que QDA é, dentre os classificadores avaliados, o mais eficiente para classificação sucessional da floresta e que imagens obtidas em época de menor precipitação e temperatura geram uma melhor distinção entre estágios sucessionais para essa fisionomia florestal. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Análise discriminante quadrática, Floresta tropical, Índices de vegetação.
ABSTRACTDespite the recognized importance of the Atlantic Forest, there is a shortage of studies using remote sensing as a tool to identify and classify the different successional stages of its forest remnants. In this study we compared the performance of different classifiers on the determination of successional stages and investigated the existence of seasonality in the spectral response of a dense tropical Atlantic Forest area. We used training samples of three successional stages gathered by an orthophoto from the year of 2010 and selected Landsat 5 TM images for the years of 2009, 2010 and 2011, considering the months of higher and lower historical averages of temperature and precipitation. To evaluate the seasonality in forest spectral response we used the Mann-Whitney test, comparing each band and successional stage between the two studied periods. To classify the vegetation cover we used three indices (NDVI, EVI and NDMI) and a Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA). We compared classifiers accuracy using a cross validation matrix. We found significative differences between successional stages on all electromagnetic spectral zones, with finer definitions between stages at the samples of colder and drier periods. QDA was the classifier with high...
RESUMOA Clidemia urceolata DC. é uma espécie pioneira da família Melastomataceae, que coloniza espontaneamente pastagens abandonadas. Ela forma núcleos de tamanhos variados, onde podem ser observadas outras espécies de grupo sucessional mais avançado, podendo constituir uma espécie facilitadora. O presente estudo objetivou quantificar e caracterizar os núcleos na bacia hidrográfica do rio Barra Mansa -RJ (6.839 ha) ( o 12' 44º 06'20''W), which is a tributary of Paraíba do Sul river. They were geographically referenced and characterized regarding to the size of Clidemia urceolata individuals (low: H <0,60 m; medium: 0,60
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