The aim of this study was to determine the effects of changing the distance of the penalty shot in water polo from 4 to 5 m. While a shorter distance made the penalty shot more effective, it also reduced the use of this sanction. A total of 192 matches played in the 2003 and 2007 Water Polo World Championships were recorded. The sample included 278 penalty shots in both tournaments. Notational analysis using a longitudinal correlational and descriptive design was employed to determine whether a longer distance increased the number of sanctioned penalties (81 vs 197) and caused a non-significant decrease in scoring efficiency (7.4%) with significant differences in the relationship between the area and the type of a shot, with less centre and power shots (14.8% vs 7.1%) observed and predominance of bounce shots to the right of the goal posts. The rule change prompted more penalties, produced changes in shot direction as well as the type of a shot, and yielded a decrement of 7.4% in scoring efficiency.
El entrenamiento individualizado no presencial resulta habitual en deportes individuales y colectivos, especialmente en aquellos más dependientes de un soporte condicional. En este trabajo se presenta un programa de entrenamiento virtual grupal (PEVG) en casa, mediado por la aplicación Zoom, y desarrollado por un equipo de fútbol femenino durante el confinamiento por la pandemia Covid-19. El propósito de este estudio ha sido valorar el impacto del PEVG en el estímulo condicional, estado de ánimo, y el apoyo psicosocial. Para valorar su efecto en los dos primeros aspectos, se cumplimentó un cuestionario wellness al terminar cada sesión. Al finalizar el confinamiento se aplicó una escala de medición de apoyo a las necesidades psicológicas básicas (NPB). Los resultados procesuales del cuestionario wellness muestran valores medios y altos, y estabilidad en todos sus ítems, siendo el estado de ánimo el que obtiene valores superiores y menor fluctuación. Asimismo, se aprecian diferencias en la percepción de carga atendiendo a los rasgos del perfil de las jugadoras, puesto específico (defensas-atacantes), y edad (jóvenes-senior). Al finalizar la experiencia, la valoración del estímulo condicional permite inferir que la percepción de esfuerzo parece haber estado influenciada por las limitaciones de movilidad impuestas y la duración del estado de confinamiento, y los tipos de sesiones empleados. Respecto al apoyo a las NPB, se constata una alta puntuación en la dimensión apoyo a la relación social, lo que teniendo en cuenta la situación de separación de las jugadoras se relaciona con el empleo de la aplicación telemática. Abstract. Individualized non-face-to-face training is common in individual and group sports, especially in those more dependent on conditional support. This paper presents a virtual group training program (PEVG) at home, mediated by Zoom application, and developed by a women's soccer team during the Covid-19 confinement. The purpose of this study has been to assess the impact of PEVG on conditional stimulation, mood, and psychosocial support. To assess its effect on the first two aspects, a wellness questionnaire was completed at the end of each session. At the end of the confinement period, support for basic psychological needs scale (NPB) was applied. The procedural results of the wellness questionnaire show medium and high values, and stability in all its items, being the mood the one that obtains higher values and less fluctuation. Likewise, there are differences in the Rating of Perceived Exertion according to the characteristics of the players' profile, specific position (defenders-attackers), and age (young-seniors). At the end of the experience, the assessment of the conditional stimulus allows us to infer that the perception of effort seems to have been influenced by the mobility limitations imposed and the duration of the confinement state, and the types of sessions used. Regarding support for NPBs, a high score is found in the dimension support for the social relationship, which, taking into account the situation of separation of the players, is related to the use of the telematics application.
El presente estudio pretende analizar las propiedades psicométricas de un nuevo instrumento para la medición del perfil de estados de ánimo (considerando tres dimensiones, Valencia, Intensidad y Control): el POMS-VIC, según se aplique siguiendo un criterio de presentación de los ítems ordenados o aleatorizados. El instrumento fue aplicado a una muestra de 32 entrenadores de fútbol en momentos previos a una prueba de conocimiento. Se analizó la fiabilidad de las escalas y la normalidad de las variables. Se procedió con coeficiente de correlación por rangos de Spearman y contraste no paramétrico de grupos. Las tres escalas mostraron alta consistencia interna y elevados coeficientes de fiabilidad alfa (.86 en la escala Intensidad, .96 en la escala Valencia, y .92 en la escala Control), para la versión ordenada. Similares valores a los hallados en la versión aleatorizada. Los valores obtenidos y la dirección de las correlaciones permiten identificar dos grupos de estados emocionales: uno formado por Tensión, Depresión, Cólera, Fatiga y Confusión; y otro formado por Vigor y Amistad. Se concluye que el POMS-VIC (tanto en su versión ordenada como aleatorizada) permite conocer, además de la intensidad de los distintos estados anímicos, el nivel de agrado y su percepción de control sobre ellos. Se considera en consecuencia que el instrumento tiene una importante y novedosa repercusión práctica para la psicología del deporte.Abstract.The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of a new instrument for measuring mood state profile (taking into account three dimensions: Valence, Intensity, and Control): the POMS-VIC, presented in two different forms, with ordered or randomized items. The instrument was applied to a sample of 32 football coaches moments before they took a knowledge test. Reliability of the scales and normality of the variables were analyzed. Spearman correlation coefficient and non-parametric group contrast were performed. The three scales showed high internal consistency and high reliability coefficients (a = .86 for the Intensity scale; .96 for the Valence scale; and .92 for the Control scale in the ordered-item version). Similar values were found for the randomized-item version. The scores obtained and the direction of the correlations allow us to identify two emotional state groups: one consisting of Tension, Depression, Anger, Fatigue, and Confusion, and the other consisting of Force and Friendship. We conclude that both ordered- and randomized-item versions of POMS-VIC is a valuable instrument for assessing the intensity of different emotional states, as well as the level of satisfaction and the perception of control over them. Therefore, this instrument may have important and novel practical implications in the field of sport psychology.
Resumen. El presente estudio pretende comprobar la eficacia de un protocolo para la enseñanza de las situaciones de juego en desigualdad numérica temporal simple en waterpolo con jugadores alevines. Se diseñaron y aplicaron 20 sesiones teóricas y prácticas sobre las acciones correctas a realizar. Se utilizó la metodología observacional mediante un diseño descriptivo y correlacional de carácter longitudinal. Se analizaron las diferencias entre un grupo experimental y un grupo control en 160 microsituaciones de juego en relación a la consecución de gol, fallo, interceptación y duración de la jugada. Hallando diferencias significativas entre los grupos (χ²(2)=16.99; p<.001; TE=.23), más goles y menos interceptaciones en el grupo experimental. Se concluye que el protocolo utilizado con el grupo experimental es válido, fiable y útil para la enseñanza de las jugadas en desigualdad numérica temporal simple con y sin posesión del balón en waterpolo.Abstract. The present study aims to test the efficacy of a protocol for teaching situations of play in simple temporary numerical inequality in water polo U12 player. 20 theoretical and practical sessions were designed and applied on the correct actions to be taken. Observational methodology was used through a descriptive and correlational longitudinal design. The differences between an experimental group and a control group were analyzed in 160 playing microsituations in relation to the achievement of goal, failure, interception and duration of the play. There were significant differences between groups (χ²(2)=16.99, p<.001; TE=.23), finding more goals and fewer interceptions in the experimental group. It is concluded that the protocol used with the experimental group is valid, reliable and useful for the teaching of plays in simple temporary numerical inequality with and without ball possession in water polo.
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