BackgroundWith the documentation of cases of falciparum malaria negative by rapid diagnostic tests (RDT), though at low frequency from natural isolates in a small pocket of Odisha, it became absolutely necessary to investigate the status of HRP-2 based RDT throughout the state and in different seasons of the year.MethodsSuspected individuals were screened for malaria infection by microscopy and RDT in 25/30 districts of Odisha, India. Discrepancies in results were confirmed by PCR. False negative RDT samples for Plasmodium falciparum mono-infection were evaluated for detection of HRP2 antigen in ELISA and genotyped for pfhrp2, pfhrp3 and their flanking genes. Multiplicity of infection was ascertained based on msp1 and msp2 genotyping and parasitaemia level was determined by microscopy.ResultsOf the total 1058 patients suspected for malaria, 384 were microscopically confirmed for P. falciparum mono-infection and RDT failure was observed in 58 samples at varying proportion in different regions of the state. The failure in detection was due to undetectable level of HRP-2. Although most of these samples were screened during rainy season (45/345), significantly high proportion (9/17) of RDT negative samples were obtained during the summer compared to rainy season (P = 0.0002; OR = 7.5). PCR genotyping of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 in RDT negative samples showed 38/58 (65.5) samples to be pfhrp2 negative and 24/58 (41.4) to be pfhrp3 negative including dual negative in 17/58 (29.3). Most of the RDT negative samples (39/58) were with single genotype infection and high proportions of pfhrp2 deletion (7/9) was observed in summer. No difference in parasitaemia level was observed between RDT positive and RDT negative patients.ConclusionHigh prevalence of parasites with pfhrp2 deletion including dual deletions (pfhrp2 and pfhrp3) is a serious cause of concern, as these patients could not be given a correct diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, HRP2-based RDT for diagnosing P. falciparum infection in Odisha is non-reliable and must be performed in addition to or replaced by other appropriate diagnostic tools for clinical management of the disease.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2502-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Among females, ACE I/D and ACE2 rs2106809 polymorphisms, while among males, ACE2 rs2106809 polymorphism and alcohol consumption are associated with essential hypertension in the study population.

Malaria is one of the most prevalent vector borne infectious disease and a serious global health problem in the world. Treatment for malaria is commonly inadequate due to the lack of quality assured limited number of effective drugs, underline how important it is to discover new antimalarial plants from number of natural sources. In the present study, the efficacy of antimalarial activity was studied by taking six various (n-hexane, chloroform, petroleum ether, ethanol, methanol and aqueous) organic leaf extracts of (Clarke) Pamp. against malarial parasite. Promising antiplasmodial activity was found in all tested extracts; however, maximum 50% inhibitory concentration (IC) values were noticed after 32 h of incubation, which is 5.76 ± 0.82, 7.09 ± 1.09, 9.88 ± 1.13, 10.24 ± 1.52, 11.37 ± 1.77 and 50.15 ± 6.16 µg/ml in methanol, chloroform, n-hexane, petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. In conclusion, leaf extract possesses antiplasmodial activity which may be used as a potent plant-based antimalarial drug in the future by investigating the hidden phytochemical/(s).

Mosquitoes are serious human disease causing insects which transmit many dreadful diseases and therefore they are considered as 'public enemy number one'. 1-2 They are contributing as major public health issues by transmitting many life threatening diseases like malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, encephalitis, yellow fever and West Nile fever in almost all developed and developing countries of world. 3-4 Anopheles stephensi is a primary vector for malaria whereas, Aedes aegypti is responsible for causing dengue as well as chikungunya mainly in Asian countries including India. 5-6 Malaria caused by An. stephensi has become a major contribution in India and are particularly transmitting in the urban and industrial area. 7-8 In other hands, more than 70,000 and 18,000 cases of dengue and chikungunya, respectively are reported in India caused by Ae. aegypti. 9 Many control majors (environmental sanitation, epide miological, surveillance, laboratory and research support and education) are available to check against the vectors, those are responsible for spreading the different life threatening disease. 10 Moreover, synthetic insecticides are applied to control the agents but have

Table 6 footer should read: '*Females were neither smokers nor alcoholics; P, significance; exp(B), exponentiation of the beta coefficient, an odds ratio. Other abbreviations used are same as in table 1.'