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Most bacteria are becoming resistant to almost all of the currently recommended drugs, leading to difficulty in their treatment. The present study focused on evaluating the therapeutic potential of Piper longum fruit extracts in terms of bactericidal, antioxidant and phytochemical evaluation by conducting antibacterial sensitivity tests against four multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains (Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae, Salmonella Newport, Salmonella enterica ser. Typhi, and Salmonella enterica ser. Paratyphi) obtained from the Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh. The Agar Well Diffusion method and the Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods were performed to implement the anti-sensitivity test of crude extracts of the plant. The present study showed that the MIC of the P. longum  was between 0.25-0.0625mg/ml, which was lowest in the aqueous extract at 0.5mg/100µl, and the highest in the methanol extract (1mg/100µl). The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was lowest in aqueous (0.5mg/100µl) and highest in methanol plant extract (1mg/100µl). The methanol extract had the maximum antibacterial potency, whereas the aqueous extract had the lowest. The antioxidant capacity of the plant extracts was determined using a DPPH assay. Methanol plant extract revealed the highest antioxidant power (81.92%) and the lowest was found in the aqueous extract (62.84%). The GC-MS approach identified active bioingredients, important botanicals including caryophyllene, eicosane, and piperazine (potent antibacterial agent) as naphthyridine (having antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities), among others. The unique aspect of the study was the effectiveness of P. longum against Salmonella strains that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. This suggests that P. longum can be a great source of novel antibacterial compound for the development of herbal formulations.

Non-fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli (NFGNB) is emerging as a major cause of nosocomial infections as they exhibit great multidrug resistance thereby posing difficulty in combating the infections. Studies on assessing the prevalence rate and antibiogram of NFGNB is necessary for proper management of infections caused by them as there are high chances of regional variation in predominance and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of NFGNB. Aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence rate of NFGNB along with antimicrobial sensitivity pattern revealing their drug sensitivity and resistance among the patients attending tertiary care hospital of varied age groups. A total of 1000 various clinical specimens were received in laboratory during the period of 4 months (August 2020-Novemebr 2020) and were subjected to processing using Vitek-2 compact system. Among 1000 clinical samples 328 yielded NFGNB i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Achromobacter Xylosoxidans, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepcia. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (51.82%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (39.63%) were most prominent NFGNB isolates. Results showed that although NFGNB were found to be resistant against most of the subjected antibiotics but considerable intensity of effectiveness was also recorded against Colistin. Accurate, rapid identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of NFGNB by Vitek 2, is required in early diagnosis, treatment and proper management of patients will reduce emergence of MDR strains of NFGNB.