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The study dealt with the method to predict the BOD(5) in effluent from industrial wastewater by using the UV absorption from two wavelengths, 260 and 550 nm. The interference from suspended solids was reduced. In the same time, COD was used as the secure value to calculate BOD(5). From the representative wastewater treatment plants, the estimated effluent BOD(5) of wastewater from the Para rubber industry showed an average error at +/-2.97 mg/l. While it was at +/-3.31 mg/l, for frozen seafood industry. The simple mathematic equations in this study gave the assuring method for BOD(5) estimation without time consuming.

Flood, storm, and drought have frequently impacted households in the U-Tapao River Sub-basin, Songkhla Province, Thailand, as a result of climate change. Studying how to assist them in better adapting to the effects of climate change is a critical mission that researchers should strive to achieve. The goals of this study are to (1) investigate the effects of climate change on households in the U-Tapao River Sub-basin, (2) examine the adaptation strategies they used, (3) the challenges they faced when attempting to adapt, and (4) provide recommendations for future adaptation. The study was carried out in the jurisdictions of three local government authorities. A survey questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data from 300 households, which was then analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. To supplement survey data, qualitative data were collected from 50 key informants via in-depth interviews and focus-group discussions. Climate change impacted households in four ways, according to the findings: health, housing, agriculture, and livelihood activities. Although households can take general measures to mitigate the effects of climate change on their health and livelihood, they do not appear to be able to take preventive measures to minimize flooding impacts on their house and property, nor do they appear to be able to adopt on-farm adaptation strategies to prevent income loss. The main impediment to taking more effective measures is a lack of funds, knowledge, and technical assistance. As a result, practical recommendations are provided at the end of this paper to help overcome such challenges and encourage households to adopt more adaptation strategies.

In order to improve a community composting system, three scenarios have set based on the critical points of initial system from sensitivity analysis result of Life Cycle Assessment of community composting system of agricultural and agro industrial wastes composting. Sensitivity analysis of initial system revealed two critical points that used as consideration on setting of improvement system scenarios. On initial system, composting process contributed the highest impact potency on acidification, eutrophication, global warming, and photochemical oxidation, while distribution was responsible for the highest impact on human toxicity potential. By comparison of initial composting system with three improvement scenarios, it found that the third improvement scenario (SC3) was the best scenario that recommended to be implemented. SC3 promoted application of compost blanket for gases emission reduction of compost pile, and substitution diesel fuel of pick-up with CNG fuel for transportation emission reduction. This scenario reduced impact of initial composting system by 29% with the highest impact reduction was on global warming potential by 54%.

The main objective was to compare the performances and the removal efficiencies of two biological treatment systems, a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) and a simultaneous activated sludge (AS), for treating Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). Two lab scale units of SMBR and AS with a working volume of 24 L were operated under favorable biological conditions and minimized membrane fouling intensity. To achieve both carbonaceous and nitrogen removal, the cyclic air intermittent and dissolved oxygen control were performed into SMBR and AS with the influent flow rate about 16 L/d respectively. In terms of organic removal and membrane performance, the SMBR showed good removal efficiency to treat high strength wastewater with organic loading variation of POME. The average removal rates of TCOD, BOD, Turbidity, Color, Oil and Grease, NH3–N, TKN were 69±2, 76±2, 100±1, 37±21, 92±6, 67±4 and 75±10% respectively. Results pointed out the benefit of membranes retained totally the active compositions of biomass in each stage of development. The AS showed the limitation of sedimentation phase for sludge and oil separation. The characteristics of sludge in SMBR showed healthy floc formations and good settling after 240 h. The concentrations of COD and BOD in permeate were around 870±53 and 37±13 mg/L.