Seven new eremophilane-type sesquiterpenoids (1-5, 7, and 8) and the known mairetolide F (6) were isolated from the endophytic Xylaria sp. BCC 21097. A new furofurandione (9) was also isolated from the fungal extract. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by analyses of NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometry data in combination with chemical reaction studies. Eremophilanolides possessing an alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone (1-3) exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities, while related analogues bearing an endo double bond (6 and 7) were inactive.

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Sixteen new lanostane triterpenoids (1-16), together with 26 known compounds (17-42), were isolated from cultures of the basidiomycete Ganoderma sp. BCC 16642. Antitubercular activities of these Ganoderma lanostanoids against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra were evaluated, and structure-activity relationships are proposed.

In a continuation of our research into antitubercular lanostane triterpenoids from submerged cultures of Ganoderma species, three strains, Ganoderma orbiforme BCC 22325, Ganoderma sp. BCC 60695, and Ganoderma australe BCC 22314, have been investigated. Fourteen new lanostane triterpenoids, together with 35 known compounds, were isolated. Antitubercular activities of these mycelium-associated Ganoderma lanostanoids against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra were evaluated. Taken together with the assay data of previously isolated compounds, structure-activity relationships of the antitubercular activity are proposed. Most importantly, 3β- and 15α-acetoxy groups were shown to be critical for antimycobacterial activity. The most potent compound was (24E)-3β,15α-diacetoxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic acid (35).