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One-pot conversion of fructose into valuable 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (5-HMF) chemical was investigated under deep eutectic solvent-biphasic system. The role of ChCl, as an inexpensive and safe quaternary ammonium salt, was clearly...

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The catalytic behavior for 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (5-EMF) formation was systematically studied via facile conversion of sucrose under a sustainable ultrasonic-biphasic system using an active ZnO nanofiber-deposited-SO 3 H-carbon catalyst (Zn-S-C). Interestingly, 5-EMF with a high yield could be easily obtained and separated from ethanol/tetrahydrofuran (THF) via green synthesis-extraction procedures in the presence of NaCl. Meanwhile, an actual 5-EMF yield of 93.5 ± 0.8% was successfully achieved at 98 °C for 47 min using a THF amount (0.25 mol) and catalyst adding amount (77.8 wt %) over the combination of 2 k factorial and Box−Behnken designs. The product selectivity and yield from sucrose conversion were systematically controlled by adjusting type/amount of catalyst, co-solvents or inorganic salts, and ultrasonic system. The activation energy (38.17 kJ/mol) obtained from ultrasound-assisted conversion of sucrose into 5-EMF was lower than that from the conventional system. Strikingly, a nonsignificant decrease in the turnover rate (TOR, min −1 ) for conversion of sucrose into 5-EMF appeared when the catalyst was reused up to 100 cycles, indicating long-life cycle stability of the as-prepared catalyst.