The additive manufacturing technology has been applied to directly construct physical model from 3D model without mold and die. Several industries utilize this technology to manufacture a complicated part such as automobile, aerospace including food industry. The advantage 3D food printing are ability to produce complex food model and ability to design unique pattern. A 3D food printing technique is composed of an extrusion-based printing, binder jetting and inkjet printing. The food materials such as sugar, chocolate, and cheese are used to create designed shape based on layer-by-layer. This paper presents a review of 3D food printing techniques. This review is to categorize, printability, productivity, properties of material and mechanism of 3D food printing techniques, as well as to provide the direction of future development.

An additive Manufacturing (AM) process has been introduced to fabricate three-dimension objects from liquid polymers and powder particles e.g. polymers and metals, this process has been also applied to fabricate threedimension ceramic objects called paste materials which compose of liquid and solid components. To build additive model, the paste material is extruded via pressure force through the nozzle by using ram extrusion, then the model is constructed layer-by-layer on the table to form designed shape. To improve a capability of extrusion process, the Extrusion On Demand (EOD), that refers to the ability of paste extrusion to regulate start and stop, has been developed to improve an accuracy of material deposition. This paper presents a review of process parameters that effect to extrusion on demand such as ram velocity, Dwell time, paste property and extrusion mechanisms.

Plasma cutting machine normally applies to cut metal in electrical conductivity industrial according to an accuracy dimension and rapidly time consuming. A quality of this process is depend upon a cutting surface and kerf by controlling diameter of nozzle and size of electrode. Since kerf shape is crated base on nozzle diameter, while electrode is served plasma arc. This paper presents an investigating three cutting parameters: cutting speed, pressure gas, current ampere that affect to wear of plasma nozzle. The fixed variables are a plasma-cutting machine, Hypertherm powermax 45 xp, Bindee control CNC machine and specimens (100×100 mm.). The cutting speed was holed at 200, 300, 400 mm/min. The gas pressure was controlled at 6, 7, 8 bar. The current Ampere was handled at 40, 42, 45 A. The diameters of nozzle was measured using digital microscope. The experiments conducted based on ANOVA to establish the relationship of those parameters. The nozzle wear depended upon the current Ampere, the high gas pressure while the cutting speed was not effect to nozzle wear.

Based on innovation and competitive market for food industry, there are several food products which have been designed to attract customer. Since there is USD 39,431 millions of chocolate sales in 2018, USA [1], chocolate product shapes have been developed based on manufacturing process. This paper presents a review process of a machine design of chocolate extrusion based co-rotating twin screw extruder. A property of suitable chocolate for extruder was established. The pros and cons of machine extruder for food processing including, a screw extruder design were exposed. Since there were problems in the chocolate extruder, the process parameters such as barrel temperatures, feed rate, screw speed, motor load and melt pressure were established. These parameters would be applied to design screw extruder for chocolate processing.

This study presents the development of a clay printing machine based on the screw-based extrusion technique in which the clay is extruded through a circular nozzle to form clay model layer by layer. The developed machine consists of a material container for delivering system, a screw extruder for extruding clay through a circular nozzle and movement system.Traditionally, pottery models are formed by using paster mold or hand throwing, which require experience and proficient workers to form the complex pottery models. Therefore, the clay printing machine has been developed to improve pottery manually fabrication to automatic construction. To investigate a capability material deposition of the clay printing machine, the screw is the key component of an extruder that is the recommended choice for extrudability. The screw extrusion and machine parameters that effect on the appearance of clay filament were studies to find the optimal conditions of the machine. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to analyze main effect parameters. The experimental results shown that the 6 mm nozzle diameter, 19 mm/s screw extruder velocity and 24 mm screw pitch were printing parameters for providing an appropriate appearance of clay filament. A mathematical model was formulated to propose the relationship between response and main effects with their interactions.