Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors of nuclear hormone receptor superfamily comprising of the following three subtypes: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ. Activation of PPAR-α reduces triglyceride level and is involved in regulation of energy homeostasis. Activation of PPAR-γ causes insulin sensitization and enhances glucose metabolism, whereas activation of PPAR-β/δ enhances fatty acids metabolism. Thus, PPAR family of nuclear receptors plays a major regulatory role in energy homeostasis and metabolic function. The present review critically analyzes the protective and detrimental effect of PPAR agonists in dyslipidemia, diabetes, adipocyte differentiation, inflammation, cancer, lung diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, fertility or reproduction, pain, and obesity.

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BackgroundBombax ceiba Linn., commonly called as Semal, is used in various gastro-intestinal disturbances. It contains Lupeol which inhibits PTP-1B, adipogenesis, TG synthesis and accumulation of lipids in adipocytes and adipokines whereas the flavonoids isolated from B. ceiba has FAS inhibitory activity. The present study was aimed to investigate ameliorative potential of Bombax ceiba to experimental obesity in Wistar rats, and its possible mechanism of action.MethodsMale Wistar albino rats weighing 180-220 g were employed in present study. Experimental obesity was induced by feeding high fat diet for 10 weeks. Methanolic extract of B. ceiba extract 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg and Gemfibrozil 50 mg/kg as standard drug were given orally from 7th to 10th week.ResultsInduction with HFD for 10 weeks caused significant (p < 0.05) increase in % body wt, BMI, LEE indices; serum glucose, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, cholesterol, free fatty acid, ALT, AST; tissue TBARS, nitrate/nitrite levels; different fat pads and relative liver weight; and significant decrease in food intake (g and kcal), serum HDL and tissue glutathione levels in HFD control rats. Treatment with B. ceiba extract and Gemfibrozil significantly attenuated these HFD induced changes, as compared to HFD control. The effect of B. ceiba 200 and 400 mg/kg was more pronounced in comparison to Gemfibrozil.ConclusionOn the basis of results obtained, it may be concluded that the methanolic extract of stem bark of Bombax ceiba has significant ameliorative potential against HFD induced obesity in rats, possibly through modulation of FAS and PTP-1B signaling due to the presence of flavonoids and lupeol.

: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, polygenic and non-infectious group of diseases that occurs due to insulin resistance or its low production by pancreas and is also associated with lifelong damage, dysfunction and collapse of various organs. Management of diabetes is quite complex having many bodily and emotional complications and warrants efficient measures for prevention and control of the same. As per the estimates of current and future diabetes prevalence around 425 million people were diabetic in 2017 which is anticipated to rise upto 629 million by 2045. Various studies have vaguely proven the fact that several vitamins, minerals, botanicals and secondary metabolites demonstrate hypoglycemic activity in vivo as well as in vitro. Flavonoids, anthocyanin, catechin, lipoic acid, coumarin metabolites etc. derived from herbs were found to elicit significant influence on diabetes. However, the prescription of herbal compounds depends on various factors, including the degree of diabetes progression, comorbidities, feasibility, economics as well as their ADR profile. For instance, cinnamon could be a more favorable choice for diabetic hypertensive patients. Diabecon®, Glyoherb® and Diabeta Plus® are some of the herbal products that had been launched in the market for the favorable or adjuvant therapy of diabetes. Moreover, Aloe vera leaf gel extract demonstrates significant activity in diabetes. The goal of this review was to inscribe various classes of secondary metabolites in particular those obtained from plants, and their role in the treatment of DM. Recent advancements for recognizing the markers which can be employed for identifying altered metabolic pathways, biomarker discovery, limitations, metabolic markers of drug potency and off-label effects are also reviewed.

Background: Fractures of the humeral mid shaft are common. The advantages of operative management are early mobilization and patient comfort but, operative management carries the risk of technical errors and post-operative complications like infections and nerve injuries. Aims and Objectives:To study the fracture pattern and surgical management of fracture midshaft humerus by intramedullary nailing and plating. Materials and Methods: Forty eight patients were studied in the Department of Orthopaedic, MLB Medical College Jhansi from August 2018 to August 2019, after randomizing them into plating or interlocking nailing. A thorough history and clinical examination was done. Once the patients were randomized, pre-operative planning and investigations were done and the patients were posted for open reduction and internal fixation with plating or interlocking nailing. The patients were followed up every second week till radiological union was seen. The functional outcome was measured by the "Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand" (DASH) Questionnaire at nine months or at full recovery which ever was earlier.Result: Out of 60 fractures shaft of humerus, 48 were operated and the rest 12 treated conservatively. Mean time taken for radiological healing in the interlocking group was14.05 and in plating was 16.06. The mean DASH score in the plating group was 24.1 and in the interlocking group it was 43.1 (0.024). Postoperatively in the plating group there were 13 complications and in the interlocking group there were 6 cases with complications (p=0.009). Conclusion:Cases where both plating and interlocking nailing can be done, plating should be preferred as plating offers better result with respect to pain and function of the shoulder joint.