A clean and environmentally benign route to 2-amino-4H-chromenes has been developed via three-component condensation reaction of various benzyl alcohols, malononitrile and 1-naphthol, using a catalytical amount of CAN and a reusable ionic liquid 3,3-(Butane-1,4-diyl)bis(1,2-dimethyl-1H-imidazole-3-ium) bromide ([BDBDMIm]Br) as a catalyst at room temperature. The present methodology offers several advantages such as solvent-free conditions, excellent yields, simple procedure, mild conditions and reduced environmental consequences. The ionic liquid was recovered and reused. All of synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, NMR and elemental analyses.

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Purpose: The biological effects of ionizing radiation at the cellular and subcellular scales are studied by the number of breaks in the DNA molecule that provides a quantitative description of the stochastic aspects of energy deposition at cellular scales. The Geant4 code represents a suitable theoretical toolkit in microdosimetry and nanodosimetry. In this study, radiation effects due to Auger electrons emitting radionuclides such as 195mPt 113mIn, 125I and 201Tl are investigated using the Geant4-DNA. Materials and Methods: The Geant4-DNA is the first Open-access software for the simulation of ionizing radiation and biological damage at the DNA scale. Low-energy electrons, especially Auger electron from Auger electron emitting radionuclides during the slowing-down process, deposit their energy within a nanometer volume. Results: The average number of Single-Strand Breaks (SSB) and Double-Strand Breaks (DSB) of DNA as a function of energy and distance from the center of the DNA axis are shown. Conclusion: The highest DSBs yield has occurred at energies less than 1 keV, and  induces a higher DSBs yield.

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