Abstract. In most countries where genetic selection for milk production has been conducted, a continuous degradation of reproductive performances has been observed in dairy cattle. This paper describes the phenotypic evolution of fertility traits in France for the main 3 dairy breeds and the different actions undertaken to counteract this unfavourable evolution of reproductive performance. In 2001, functional traits (including conception rate as a fertility trait) have been included into the French total merit index ISU, to take these traits into account in the selection objective. In addition, a marker-assisted selection (MAS) program has been developed since 2001. Through this approach, a set of QTL related to fertility traits were identified using the phenotypic information for fertility collected on a national basis. Fine mapping of these QTL let to their introduction in 2008 in genomic evaluation and the routine selection for fertility traits in breeding schemes. This approach will evolve in the near future through the inclusion of results of several genomic research programs that were conducted either in station or under field conditions aiming at identifying genes and pathways controlling cattle fertility (based on genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics) and at enhancing phenotyping for reproductive performance. The paper describes the general approach behind these evolutions, the expected benefits of genomic selection and first results. Information on the potential use of reproductive technologies that may improve the efficiency of multiple trait genomic selection are also presented.
Changes in dairy cattle breeding goals and selection methods. Over the last decades, the dairy stock has undergone major changes, and the selection of dairy cattle has become an internal business. With current prospects of milk quota removal, falling prices, increasing herd sizes, changes in the farmers’ way of working and diversification of demand, the ideal cow of the future will have to demonstrate autonomy, robustness and feed efficiency, and will have to produce a rich milk whose composition meets the requirements of humans. Selection methods will change radically with the ongoing development of genomic selection. Animal identification, pedigree and performance recording will remain, but progeny testing of bulls will diminish. Resources will be pooled between research and supervision organisations, breeding companies and other operators, and there will be an increased need for training.
Dans certains ateliers, la robustesse des vaches de race pure Prim’Holstein, se traduisant par leur capacité à maintenir à la fois de bonnes performances de reproduction, de santé et de production, se trouve dégradée. Ceci peut se traduire par des répercussions avoir des répercussions techniques et économiques négatives importantes. Le croisement entre races laitières pourrait être une voie d’amélioration. Or, à l’exception notable de la Nouvelle Zélande, le croisement laitier reste très marginal dans les pays développés. Ce constat pourrait s’expliquer en partie par un manque de connaissances sur les avantages et inconvénients du croisement. L’objectif de cette synthèse est de faire le point sur les connaissances actuelles autour du croisement laitier. Le croisement permet de bénéficier des effets génétiques additifs de la sélection intra-race mais également des effets génétiques non-additifs. Ces effets sont généralement favorables et augmentent le potentiel génétique des individus issus de croisement. Ainsi les vaches issues de croisement de première génération entre Prim’Holstein et Montbéliarde ont un niveau génétique quasiment équivalent à la Prim’Holstein pour la quantité de lait et à la Montbéliarde pour le taux de conception. L’intérêt technico-économique d’introduire du croisement laitier dans un atelier initialement en race Prim’Holstein dépend de la situation initiale de cet atelier. Lorsque la productivité des vaches Prim’Holstein est élevée et que les performances de reproduction et de santé sont correctes, l’intérêt du croisement semble nul. En revanche dans des ateliers à productivité élevée mais faisant face à des situations de reproduction et de santé dégradées, le croisement permet d’augmenter de 5 % la marge brute de l’atelier. Pour des niveaux de productivité plus modérés, l’intérêt économique est moindre (+ 3 à 4 % de marge brute), mais la robustesse des vaches apparait améliorée.
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