No abstract

In the field of digital payments, the pandemic has brought digitalisation to layers of society that would not have been reached for years or even decades. In our study, after defining the different electronic payment options, we compare four market surveys in Hungary to investigate the extent to which the respondents' knowledge of electronic payments has changed, and how the use of cash substitutes and payment habits have changed due to the forced digitalisation caused by the pandemic. The results of our survey show that significantly more Hungarian residents are familiar with electronic payment solutions than in 2019, but a significantly higher proportion of respondents still do not manage their finances online. Most people are used to paying with cash and therefore do not turn to modern payment solutions. The pandemic as a forcing factor and the response of central and state measures have led society to make a significant step towards greater use of digital payment systems in 2020, and in 2021, this trend is expected to stagnate, not to fall back to the pre-virus situation. We found that government interventions and campaigns to support the positive processes that have been set in motion could help digital solutions to spread.

Government involvement in the venture capital (VC) market has become an important catalyst of the entrepreneurial ecosystem of young and innovative firms. There is an extensive literature describing the VC model, but the models of its government backed variants are not comprehensively discussed. The article focuses on the model of purely government backed venture capital (GVC) and hybrid venture capital (HGVC). The conclusion of this article is that, by the logic of their models, GVCs are destined to underperform than private VCs. Many articles see HGVCs as a step forward compared to GVCs, as they involve private participants. The novelty of the current article lies in bringing out the drawbacks deriving from the system of hybrid venture capital funding by creating a complex theoretical framework of the HGVC model. We show that due to the crowding in of private participants, this scheme creates a two-goal system where the private profit maximising interests conflict with the economic policy goals. The complex system of HGVC is exposed to increased moral hazard issues that might lead to higher distortions than GVC. The conclusions are especially relevant in the case of developing industries.

Present-day consumer society increasingly satisfies its needs through digital channels, and financial products and services are no exceptions. The 4th industrial revolution is not only about the penetration of technology, but also the paradigm shift of business processes. The traditional members of the financial sector must adapt to the digitalized world to keep their positions in the market. The penetration of BigTech and FinTech companies influenced the expectations of consumers: customer experience became the main criteria of their decisions. In order to simplify and accelerate processes, banks use the methods of digitalization, and automatize the system to increase client satisfaction. In this article, we will introduce the threebank types based primarily on the usage of innovative technology, the extension and depth of the cooperation with FinTech companies, and the status of a bank’s internal digital transformation. Also, we will introduce the current status of the banking sector evidenced by our SWOT-analysis and mention some of the existing payment solutions.JEL Classification: G21, G23

fazeKas balázs-becsKy-Nagy Patrícia az állam a kockázati tőkés szerepében A cikk a 2010 óta megvalósult, állami hátterű kockázatitőke-befektetéseket vizsgálja, különös figyelmet fordítva a hibrid (piaci és állami forrásokat ötvöző) és a tisztán állami hátterű befektetési alapok teljesítményének összehasonlítására. A tapasztalatok szerint a hibrid finanszírozású vállalkozások alacsonyabb növekedést és foglalkoztatást mutattak, mint a tisztán állami hátterű alap által finanszírozott vállalkozások. Az innovativitás terén mindkét befektetési konstrukcióban alacsony aktivitást mutattak a vállalatok. A cikk következtetései szerint a magánérdek megjelenése a hibrid konstrukcióban nem vezetett automatikusan hatékonyabb finanszírozási modellhez, sőt nagyobb erkölcsi kockázatokat rejt magában, és esetükben a nem megfelelő szabályozás piactorzító hatása is erősebb lehet. A hibrid konstrukcióban megjelenő magánérdek akkor vezethet hatékonyabb finanszírozási modellhez, ha a programokat a piaci viszonyokhoz illeszkedő szabályozással és a független piaci alapkezelők működési mechanizmusait imitáló formában alakítják ki. Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: G24.