Allelopathy of leaf extracts of jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.)in the initial development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of extracts obtained from leaves of Jatropha curcas L. on germination and initial growth of wheat. The aqueous and alcohol (ethanol and methanol) extracts of dried leaves were prepared in the concentration of 50 mg/mL. From the crude extract were made dilutions and obtained different concentrations. Some of the aqueous extracts tested were autoclaved. Over seven days, the germination characteristics and growth of wheat seedlings were evaluated with the different treatments. There was no effect of aqueous extracts on percentage of seed germination, however the methanolic and ethanolic extracts 5% affected the germination of a cultivar in study. There was a decrease in the germination speed index when the seeds were incubated with crude aqueous extract and methanol extract. The extracts affected the growth of seedlings and the most phytotoxic was the ethanol extract 5%. The autoclaved extracts promoted a reduction in all parameters evaluated. The results presented here show the extracts of dried leaves of jatropha promoted allelopathic effects on wheat. Key words: extract, interference, germination, growth of seedlings. RESUMEN El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el efecto de los extractos obtenidos a partir de hojas de Jatropha curcas L. sobre la germinación y el crecimiento inicial del trigo. Las acuosas y alcohol (etanol y metanol) extractos de hojas secas
Background: Other tools for weed management should be considered in addition to the use of herbicides. In this context, the identification and use of allelopathic compounds deserves attention. Question: To quantify phenolic compounds and evaluate the allelopathic potential of extracts of Conyza sumatrensis on the germination of Bidens pilosa. Studied species: Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E.Walker, Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) Study site: Palotina, state of Paraná, Brazil. Methods: The aqueous extracts were prepared with shoot and root portions of C. sumatrensis in concentrations: 0, 1, 5 and 10 %. Germination and germination speed index were evaluated. The total flavonoids and phenols of the tested extracts were also quantified. Results: With increasing concentrations of the extracts there was an increased inhibition of germination of B. pilosa and delays in the germination process. The extracts from the shoot of C. sumatrensis had a more expressive effect on seed germination when compared to the extracts obtained from the root. At concentration of 10 %, the extract from the shoot reduced in 83 % the percentage of germination. This may be related to the higher concentration of total flavonoids and phenols found. Conclusion: The allelopathic potential of C. sumatrensis plants can be considered since both shoot and root extracts inhibited and/or reduced the germination of B. pilosa.
Glyphosate resistance is conferred to soybean {Glycine max L. Merril) by incorporating a gene encoding a glyphosate-insensitive enzyme (CP4-EPSP synthase) that acts in the shikimate/chorismate pathway, an important metabolic route in the lignification process. The aim of this work was to investigate the root growth and lignin contents of susceptible (CD 201 and OC 14) and glyphosate-resistant (CD 214RR and CD 213RR) soybean cultivars. To this end, three-day-old seedlings were cultivated in half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution (pH 6.0) in a growth chamber (25°C, 12-h photoperiod, irradiance of 280 ^mol m'^ s"') for 24 to 96 hours. The results revealed that glyphosate-resistant (CD 213RR and CD 214RR) cultivars showed high root growth when compared to the conventional (OC-14 and CD 201) cultivars. CD 213RR showed high root lignin content and reduced root weight compared to the conventional (OC 14) cultivar, although CD 214RR and CD 201 did not follow the same trend. Based on these results, it is possible to conclude that (1) the different form of EPSP synthase encoded in RR soybean may interfere in phenylpropanoid pathway and further in lignin biosynthesis, and (2) other genetic charaaeristics inherent to each cultivar may affect roots lignin content in soybean seedlings since lignification in CD 214 RR was not affected of similar manner than cultivar CD 213 RR.RESUMO. Crescimento e lignifícacáo de raízes de soja suscetível e resistente ao glifosato. A resistencia ao glifosato é conferida à soja {Glycirte max L. Merrill) pela incorporaçâo de um gene que codifica a enzima CP4-EPSP sintase, uma variante da EPSP sintase, insensível ao glifosato, que atua na via do chiquimato/corismato, importante rota metabólica envolvida na lignificaçâo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de investigar o crescimento e os teores de lignina nas raízes de cultivares de soja, suscetíveis (CD 201 e OC 14) e resistentes (CD 214RR e CD 213RR) ao glifosato. Para isso, plántulas com tres dias de desenvolvimento foram cultivadas em solucáo nutritiva de Hoagland, meia-força (pH 6,0), em cámara de crescimento (25°C, fotoperíodo de 12 h, irradiáncia de 280 nmol m"^s'') de 24 a 96h. Os resultados revelaram que as cultivares resistentes ao glifosato (CD 213RR e CD 214RR) apresentaram elevado crescimento das raízes quando comparadas com as cultivares convencionais (OC-14 e CD 201). A cultivar CD 213RR apresentou altos teores de lignina e reduzido crescimento das raízes em comparaçâo com a cultivar convencional (OC 14). O mesmo nâo foi observado nas cultivares CD 214RR e CD 201. Com base nos resultados, é possível concluir que (1) uma forma diferente de EPSP sintase pode interferir na via de fenilpropanoides e, posteriormente, na síntese de lignina, e (2) outras características genéticas inerentes a cada cultivar pode afetar os conteúdos de lignina nas raízes, haja vista que a lignificaçâo na cultivar CD 214RR nao foi afetada de similar maneira que na cultivar CD 213RR.Palavras-chave: soja resistente ao glifosato, lignina, crescimento de raízes, s...
Avaliou-se, sob duas densidades de plantio, um variante somaclonal de porte baixo de bananeira, comparando-o com a variedade Nanicão Jangada que lhe deu origem. Os materiais genéticos 'Nanicão Jangada'(controle) e o variante somaclonal representado pelas seleções 224 e 225 de um ensaio anterior, foram avaliados nos espaçamentos 2,0m X 2,0m (densidade 2500 plantas ha-1) e 3,0m X 2,0m (1666plantas ha-1), na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia - UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira-SP. O ensaio foi conduzido em blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições, com utilização de mudas micropropagadas, sob irrigação por gotejamento, no período de dezembro de 1998 a março de 2001, com avaliação dos dois primeiros ciclos de produção. Constatou-se efeito da densidade e do ciclo sobre a produção estimada de frutos sendo que no cultivo mais denso, a média foi de 81,25 t.ha-1 no primeiro ciclo de produção e 67,93 t.ha-1 no segundo ciclo. No cultivo de menor densidade a produção estimada no primeiro ciclo foi de 51,35 t.ha-1 e 44,08 t.ha-1 no segundo. As seleções do variante de porte baixo apresentaram menor altura da planta e mostraram-se relativamente mais precoces e com produção semelhante a cv. Nanicão Jangada no primeiro ciclo. No segundo ciclo houve uma queda na produção do bananal, com maior intensidade para a seleção 225 do variante.
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