Ryegrass (Lolium spp.) is a troublesome weed in major wheat producing regions in the U.S. High diversity and adaptive potential are known to contribute to its success as a weed species and also create difficulties in correct species identification in fields. The objective of this research was to characterize diversity for 16 different morphological traits among 56 Lolium populations collected from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production fields across the Texas Blacklands region and identify specific Lolium species based on taxonomical characteristics. Populations were highly diverse (both at inter- and intra-population levels) for the traits studied, and a taxonomical comparison with USDA-GRIN reference samples revealed that all the populations were variants of Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot] with a few offtypes of perennial (Lolium perenne L.) or probable hybrids between the two species. Hierarchical clustering grouped the populations into 6 clusters based on their similarities for the morphological traits investigated. Principal component analysis showed that the variability for yield traits greatly contributed to the total diversity. Pre-flowering plant height (stage 10 on Feekes scale) was positively correlated with tiller count, shoot biomass, spike count, but not with total seed count/plant, whereas plant height at maturity (stage 11.3-11.4 on Feekes scale) was highly correlated with total seeds/plant. Further, basal node color was positively correlated with plant growth habit, regrowth rate, and leaf color. Leaf blade width was positively correlated with survival to pinoxaden and multiple herbicides, whereas, spike count was negatively correlated with survival to mesosulfuron. The high levels of intra- as well as inter-population variability documented in this study indicates the potential of this species to rapidly adapt to herbicides, and emphasizes the need for implementing diverse management tactics including the integration of harvest weed seed control.

Background: Other tools for weed management should be considered in addition to the use of herbicides. In this context, the identification and use of allelopathic compounds deserves attention. Question: To quantify phenolic compounds and evaluate the allelopathic potential of extracts of Conyza sumatrensis on the germination of Bidens pilosa. Studied species: Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E.Walker, Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) Study site: Palotina, state of Paraná, Brazil. Methods: The aqueous extracts were prepared with shoot and root portions of C. sumatrensis in concentrations: 0, 1, 5 and 10 %. Germination and germination speed index were evaluated. The total flavonoids and phenols of the tested extracts were also quantified. Results: With increasing concentrations of the extracts there was an increased inhibition of germination of B. pilosa and delays in the germination process. The extracts from the shoot of C. sumatrensis had a more expressive effect on seed germination when compared to the extracts obtained from the root. At concentration of 10 %, the extract from the shoot reduced in 83 % the percentage of germination. This may be related to the higher concentration of total flavonoids and phenols found. Conclusion: The allelopathic potential of C. sumatrensis plants can be considered since both shoot and root extracts inhibited and/or reduced the germination of B. pilosa.

O Capiscum annuum L.é uma solenaceae que está disposta como vários híbridos, podendo assim ser produzido por todo ano. Seu cultivo é encontrado por todo território brasileiro, movimentando o mercado de sementes em US$ 1,5 milhão. Sua facilidade de cultivo deve-se as grandes faixas de resistências, principalmente quanto a temperatura e ph. Em prol do melhoramento dos frutos, e evitando grandes impactos ao ambiente, adubos orgânico ou fertilização verde estão sendo utilizados como Torta de Nabo, co-produto da extração do óleo do Nabo-forrageiro, o qual apresenta excelentes valores de importantes macronutrientes essenciais para o cultivo. Portando, objetivou-se realizar um levantamento bibliográfico analisando o comportamento da cultura do pimentão em relação à adubação orgânica.Palavras-chave: Capiscum annuum L., fertilização verde, resistência

Residual herbicide effect of auxinic herbicide in tank mix with glyphosate in preplanting burndown managment and its influence on production and quality of soybean seedsThe Brazilian 2020/2021 harvest put Brazil on the top of the biggest producer and exporter of soybean in the world. In the harvest 2021/2022 the oilseeds occupy more than 40 millions of hectares, with drop in productivity in 14.4% compared to the previous crop. There are countless factors that make Brazilians productions a world reference, among them the production system. On this way, the used of pesticide to weed control is essential. A very adopted strategy by farmes is the pre-planting burndown with auxinic hebricide in tank mix with glyphosate, providing that crop growing free of interference by weeds. That way, its necessary to study the residual effect to this herbicides to produtivity na seeds quality of these biochemistry na physiology of soybean in differents production systems. Thus, was carried out two field experiment and one performed in seeds laboratory. Te fields experiment was carried out in diferentes cityes and prodution system, locate in Piracicaba -SP and Araras -SP. Both test were installed in randomized block design in triple factorial scheme (5 x 5x 2), where it was avaluated four auxin herbicide plus a untreated check, five application times were avaluated in the soybean pre-planting ande 2 locale. The residual effect was avaluated by visual assessments proposed by SBCPD, components and yeld. The second experimente was performed at the Seeds Laboratory of the Agronomic Science Department of the Federal University of Paraná -Sector Palotina, in Palotina -PR, with aim to verifying if the herbicide treatments when applied in diferents pre-planting periods affect the biochemical and physiological quality of soybean seeds. For this, a germination test was carried out on a paper roll in a Mangelsdorf type germinator, as well as the electrical conductivity test. From the field trials it was concluded that the dicamba presented a high injury to culture at zero time application. But the fluroxypyr was the unique herbicide treatment that don't show more than 10% of injury independent of time application. The laboratory test show that the herbicide auxinic managment didn't affect the quality of the soybean seeds.