Diversos estudios genéticos han demostrado que la población uruguaya es trihíbrida, formada por europeo/mediterráneos, indígenas y africanos, cuyo aporte varía en distintas regiones del país. Pese a que Montevideo es la capital de la República, hay escasos estudios sobre los orígenes de su población, que pueden diferir de otras regiones. En este trabajo se propone indagar sobre estos orígenes a partir de información genética en una muestra derivada de una previamente publicada, profundizando en algunas características para determinar su posible influencia en la estimación de la ancestría. Se consideró una muestra de 269 mujeres (casos y controles de un estudio de cáncer de mama) en quienes se analizaron haplogrupos y secuencias de las regiones hipervariables del ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt) y marcadores individuales de ancestría (AIMs) del ADN nuclear. Se observó que había diferencias en los porcentajesde ancestría cuando se analizaban separadamente las personas que se atendían en el sistema público de salud en relación a las que lo hacían en el sistema mutual, con diferencias significativas para el aporte indígena y el europeo/mediterráneo. Luego de corregidos los valores por lugar de atención de salud, se estimaron los siguientes aportes: 24.6% indígena, 67,7% europeo/mediterráneo y 7,7% africano para herencia materna, y de 11,1% indígena, 81,4% europeo/mediterráneo, y 7,5% africano para la herencia biparental. Se analizaron particularmente los aportes indígena y africano y se discutieron los resultados con relación a otros estudios. Debido a las diferencias encontradas relacionadas con la heterogeneidad de la población montevideana, se alerta sobre el muestreo y valores de referencia para estudios poblacionales futuros.
BackgroundInfertility affects 15% of human couples, with men being responsible in approximately 50% of cases. Moreover, the aetiology of male factor infertility is poorly understood. The majority of male factor infertility remains idiopathic and potentially genetic in origin. The association of the Y chromosome and mitochondrial haplogroups with male infertility has been previously reported. This association differs between studied populations and their geographical distributions. These effects have been only rarely analysed in mixed populations, such as South Americans.MethodsIn this study, we analysed the contributions of the Y chromosome and mitochondrial haplogroups to male infertility in a mixed population. A case control study was conducted. Regular PCR and high-resolution-melting-real-time PCR were performed to type haplogroups from fertile and infertile men.The sperm parameters from infertile men were compared in each haplogroup by logistic regression analysis and ANOVA.ResultsThe genotyping confirmed the known admixture characteristic of the Uruguayan population. The European paternal contribution was higher than the maternal contribution in both fertile and infertile men. Neither maternal nor paternal ancestry presented differences between the cases and controls. Men belonging to the Y chromosome haplogroup F(xK) more frequently presented with an abnormal sperm morphology than men from other haplogroups. The sperm parameters were not associated with the mitochondrial haplogroups.ConclusionsThe data presented in this study showed an association between male infertility and ancestry in the Uruguayan population.Specifically, abnormal sperm morphology was associated with the Y chromosome haplogroup F(xK). Since the Y chromosome lacks recombination, these data suggest that some genes that determine sperm morphology might be inherited in blocks with the region that determines specific haplogroups. However, the possible association between the Y chromosome haplogroup F(xK) and sperm morphology requires further confirmatory testing. Data linking infertility with ancestry are needed to establish the possible causes of infertility and define male populations susceptible to infertility. Whether the admixed characteristics of the Uruguayan population exert any pressure on male fertility potential must be further investigated.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-017-0438-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
El aislamiento y purificación de ADN es el paso inicial en los protocolos de PCR. Uno de los problemas que se presentan es la dificultad en la obtención de la muestra; los métodos basados en muestras sanguíneas, si bien permiten la obtención de una gran cantidad de ADN, tienen como inconveniente la dificultad de obtención de la muestra así como la conservación de éstas previa a la extracción de ADN. Es por eso que se buscó un nuevo método que se basara en muestras fácilmente obtenibles incluso por la persona a estudiar, poco invasivo y sin problemas de conservación o transporte de las mismas, y que permitiera obtener gran cantidad de ADN con un costo reducido. La metodología propuesta permite la purificación de ADN a partir de pelo de diferentes regiones del cuerpo, en muestras obtenidas y conservadas en condiciones ambientales, lo cual resulta en un método sencillo y que permite la obtención de cantidades óptimas de ADN para su amplificación. Se tomó como muestra 5 pelos como mínimo, cortados en fragmentos de 5mm, iniciándose la extracción de ADN con la incubación con Proteinasa K, seguida por el uso de un tampón de lisis conteniendo SDS y 2-mercaptoetanol. Posteriormente, se empleó un tampón de acetato de sodio a pH 2.2 y etanol 95%(v/v) a -20 ºC, con lavados de etanol 70%(v/v) a 4ºC. Las muestras de ADN se conservaron a -20 ºC en buffer TE (Tris 10 mM-EDTA 1 mM). Los productos de PCR obtenidos a partir de diluciones de extracto al 10% y al 5% fueron verificados por medio de electroforesis en gel de agarosa al 2%(p/v), a 4 V/cm, coloreado con bromuro de etidio (0.5 μg/μl) y observados en un transiluminador UV. La amplificación con cebadores de la región HVI mitocondrial y de los cromosomas X e Y, comparados con los patrones de ADN extraídos de sangre periférica evidenció la presencia de bandas de amplificación equivalentes. Empleando BSA en la reacción de PCR se obtuvo bandas de amplificación de ADNmt de aproximadamente 1000 pb. La muestras de ADN obtenidas resultaron óptimas para la realización de la PCR, tanto del ADN nuclear como del ADN mitocondrial con concentraciones que variaron de 1 a 30 ng/μl, dependiendo de la cantidad de pelos. El procedimiento que se utilizó disminuyó los costos en unas diez veces, respecto a otros protocolos comerciales.
BackgroundWith regard to the origin of its population and microevolutionary processes, Uruguay exhibits distinctive features that distinguish it from other countries in Latin America, while at the same time sharing several similarities. In this article, we will focus on the variability of paternal genetic lineages in two geographical regions with different histories that can be considered as examples of distinct populations for the continent. In general terms, the genetic diversity is a result of different demographic processes related to the American conquest and colonisation. These resulted in distinct ancestral components which vary geographical and depend on the distribution by sex within these components. In Uruguay, native maternal haplogroups are significantly more frequent in the North. Although there are several studies about the geneticvariability of Uruguay, little is known about male genetic lineages.AimsThe aim of this work is to present an updated study of the male genetic variability of the Uruguayan population.MethodsWe analyzed 13 biallelic markers and 27 STRs located in the male‐specific region of the Y chromosome for 157 males: 98 from the capital, Montevideo, and 59 from Tacuarembó.ResultsAlmost all haplogroups found in both locations are European (99% and 93.2% respectively). One Sub‐Saharan African haplogroup was found in Montevideo (1%) and 2 in Tacuarembó (3%), while Native haplogroups were found only in Tacuarembó, evidencing a strong sex‐biased admixture. By crossing genetic and genealogical information we could relate European haplogroups with different waves and times of migrations.DiscussionNetwork analysis indicated a very diverse male population, suggesting that European migrants came from heterogeneous geographic locations and in different waves. Tacuarembó has closer population affinities with Iberian populations while Montevideo is more diverse. Male population expansion expansion, can be explained by the large number of migrants that arrived during the XIX century and the first half of the XX century.ConclusionsThe Uruguayan male gene pool is the result of several migration waves with diverse origins, with strong sex‐biased admixture that can be explained by the European migration, the violence against the indigenous males, and the segregation of the Africansadmixture that can be explained due to European migration, violence against Natives, and segregation against African males.admixture that can be explained due to European migration, violence against Natives, and segregation against African males.admixture that can be explained due to European migration, violence against Natives, and segregation against African males.admixture that can be explained due to European migration, violence against Natives, and segregation of hte Africans.
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