The jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas is the most abundant cephalopod species in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, which supports the biggest cephalopod fishery in the world. Due to its growing economic importance, the population growth and distributional expansion of this squid is being increasingly studied. Nevertheless, some basic features of the biology of D. gigas are still unknown or have been poorly investigated. In this review we summarize the known information regarding the biology and ecology of this species in the southeastern Pacific Ocean; we focus on the Chilean region in order to propose hypotheses and research lines for a better understanding the life history of this organism. Available data on the size structure, reproduction and genetics of D. gigas allows us to propose hypotheses related to the squid’s life history traits. Based on the current literature and publications of colleagues, we propose two hypotheses regarding the effect of spatial variation on the life history of D. gigas. Hypothesis 1: Squids mature at large sizes and spawn in oceanic waters with warm temperatures where paralarvae and juveniles develop. Immature squids migrate near shore to feed, grow and mature, and then return to the offshore sites to spawn. Hypothesis 2: Alternatively, juvenile D. gigas in the oceanic zone do not migrate to coastal waters and mature at small sizes compared to individuals living near the coast that mature at larger size and migrate to oceanic waters to spawn. We provide background information about the feeding behavior and parasitism of this species, suggesting that D. gigas is an important trophic link in the southeastern Pacific marine ecosystem. However, more studies on the feeding habits, reproduction and parasite load are needed not only to test hypotheses proposed in this study, but also to advance the overall knowledge of this species.
RESUMENSe estudiaron los hábitos alimentarios del calamar rojo Dosidicus gigas (D'Orbigny, 1835) frente a la costa de Chile centro-sur, durante el invierno del año 2005. Se examinaron un total de 52 estómagos, en todos los cuales había contenido alimentario. Los ejemplares provenían de pescas efectuadas por la flota arrastrera industrial que opera entre 36°39' S y 38°55'S sobre la merluza común Merluccius gayi (Guichenot 1848) y a una profundidad media de 290 m sobre la plataforma continental. Para la descripción del espectro trófico, alimento principal y el establecimiento de las eventuales diferencias sexuales u ontogenéticas en la frecuencia de aparición de los ítemes presa, se utilizaron los métodos numérico, gravimétrico, de frecuencia de ocurrencia, índice de importancia relativa (IIR) e índice de similitud porcentual (ISP). No se observaron diferencias sexuales ni ontogenéticas en la frecuencia de aparición de los ítemes presa. Los resultados muestran que D. gigas es un depredador oportunista, principalmente ictiófago, y secundariamente malacófago (incluye el canibalismo) y carcinófago. Se discuten los eventuales motivos e implicancias de tal conducta.Palabras clave: Dosidicus gigas, Chile, Pacífico centro-sur, medio ambiente. ABSTRACTA study on the feeding habits of the jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas (D'Orbigny, 1835) was carried out during the winter season 2005, in waters of the Chilean central and southern Pacific. A total of 52 jumbo squid stomachs from the fishing of the continental slope were collected and examined, in the Eighth and Ninth regions, between 36°40' S and 38°55'S, at an average depth of 290 m. To determine the trophic spectrum, the feeding preferences and the importance of the sex and ontogenetic condition in the diet, the numeric, gravimetric, frequency of occurrence methods, and the index of relative importance and dietary similarity were utilized. The frequency of the prey did not vary with relation to the sex and ontogenetic conditions, and was besides a hight trophic similarity in such analysis. The results showed that the diet of D. gigas consist predominatly of fishes and secondly of Mollusca (to include the cannibalism) and crustacean; suggesting that D. gigas is an oportunistic predator of third trophic level. We discuss the reasons and implications of such behavior.
RESUMEN.La clausura del Mar de Tetis y la apertura del Océano Atlántico jugarían un papel relevante en la historia de los calamares de la familia Loliginidae, lo que se reflejaría en su actual distribución nerítico-costera, según la hipótesis vicariante propuesta por Brakoniecki (1986). Este estudio evalúa esta hipótesis y otras ideas alternativas para entender la historia del grupo, sobre la base de una hipótesis filogenética, reconstruida con secuencias mitocondriales y nuclear, que incorpora la incertidumbre, permitiendo estimar tiempos de divergencia para sugerir un nuevo escenario histórico sustentado en la señal filogenética y reconstrucción de la distribución ancestral. Los resultados permiten inferir que Loliginidae se habría originado en el Pacífico Oeste durante el Paleoceno Tardío hace unos 59 Ma, y que durante su diversificación habrían ocurrido al menos 20 eventos de dispersión históricos y 6 de vicarianza. El primer evento de vicarianza fragmenta la distribución ancestral permaneciendo el ancestro de Sepioteuthis en el rango sur y la subfamilia Loligininae en el rango norte. Luego, sucesivos eventos de dispersión, y algunos de vicarianza desvinculados del movimiento de placas tectónicas y apertura del Océano Atlántico, modelaron su distribución. La presente inferencia apunta a un origen distinto al propuesto por Brakoniecki (Mar de Tetis), coherente con un centro de origen que sustenta la mayor diversidad de la familia, con predominancia de los procesos de dispersión (como se evidencia en todos los géneros considerados, salvo Heterololigo), restringidos a desplazamientos nerítico-costeros, que explicarían el patrón de distribución actual. Palabras clave: Loliginidae, biodiversidad, dispersión, filogenia, señal filogenética, vicarianza. Historical biogeography of the squids from the family Loliginidae (Teuthoidea: Myopsida)ABSTRACT. According to the vicariant hypothesis proposed by Brakoniecki (1986) the closure of the Sea of Tethys and the opening of the Atlantic Ocean would play an important role in the history of squids of the family Loliginidae, which is reflected in its current neritic distribution. Our study evaluated this hypothesis and alternative ideas to understand the historical biogeography of loliginid squids. This work is based on a phylogenetic hypothesis rebuilt with mitochondrial and nuclear sequences that incorporates the estimation of divergence times and ancestral distribution. Our results sustain that the squids of the family Loliginidae would have originated in the Western Pacific during the Late Paleocene about 59 My, following, during their diversification, at least 20 dispersion and 6 vicariant events. The first vicariant event fragments the ancestral distribution, remaining the ancestor of Sepioteuthis in the south and the subfamily Loligininae in the north. Successive events of dispersion, and some of vicariance (unrelated with the movement of tectonic plates and opening of the Atlantic Ocean), modeled it distribution. Our inference suggest a different origin compared to p...
Abstract.-The biological significance of the secondary digestion, i.e., prey of the prey, was determined in the analysis of stomach contents of 112 jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas. Squids were caught on the continental shelf off the coast of centralsouthern Chile during austral winter and spring 2005. All prey (digested and those from opened stomachs of the prey in the squids) found in the squid stomachs were assessed. The results obtained by using several trophic indices (numeric, gravimetric, frequency of occurrence, relative importance, percentage similarity and trophic heterogeneity), plus the average weight of common prey between seasons (winter and spring) and the Spearman correlation coefficient, revealed no significant differences in the feeding behavior between sexes, ontogenetic and seasonal groups. Comparing the primary with the secondary digestion allow us to conclude that consider or not the latter, in a quantitative point of view, is not relevant in assessing the food preferences squid. On the other hand, the biological significance of secondary digestion from a qualitative point of view may still be relevant when the aim is to avoid overestimating the food spectrum for this species. Key words: Stomach contents, preys, diet, seasonResumen.-Se determinó la importancia biológica de la digestión secundaria, i.e., presas de las presas, en el análisis de los contenidos estomacales de 112 individuos del calamar rojo Dosidicus gigas, capturados sobre la plataforma continental, frente a la costa Centro-Sur de Chile, durante invierno y primavera austral de 2005. Todas las presas (digeridas y aquellas de los estómagos abiertos de las presas del calamar) halladas en los contenidos estomacales de los calamares fueron analizadas. Los resultados obtenidos mediante el uso de varios índices tróficos (numérico, gravimétrico, frecuencia de ocurrencia, importancia relativa, similitud porcentual, heterogeneidad trófica), el peso medio de las presas comunes entre estaciones (invierno y primavera) y el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman entre presas, no mostraron diferencias significativas en el comportamiento alimentario del calamar rojo, respecto de su condición sexual, ontogenética y estacional. Comparar la digestión primaria con la secundaria permite concluir que considerar o no a esta última, desde un punto de vista cuantitativo, no es relevante en la evaluación de las preferencias alimentarias del calamar. Por otro lado, la importancia biológica de la digestión secundaria desde un punto de vista cualitativo, podría ser relevante en el caso de evitar la sobreestimación del espectro alimentario de esta especie.Palabras clave: Contenido estomacal, presas, dieta, estación INTRODUCCIÓNLos estudios de contenidos estomacales constituyen uno de los aspectos biológicos más relevantes dentro de la ecología y dinámica trófica (Crespin de Billy et al. 2000). Establecer las relaciones de tipo alimentarias de una determinada especie al interior de su comunidad, en función de la explotación de las fuentes disponibles, permite ev...
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