Abstract:The decisions taken in rehabilitation planning for the urban water networks will have a long lasting impact on the functionality and quality of future services provided by urban infrastructure. These decisions can be assisted by different approaches ranging from linear depreciation for estimating the economic value of the network over using a deterioration model to assess the probability of failure or the technical service life to sophisticated multi-criteria decision support systems. Subsequently, the aim of this paper is to compare five available multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods (ELECTRE, AHP, WSM, TOPSIS, and PROMETHEE) for the application in an integrated rehabilitation management scheme for a real world case study and analyze them with respect to their suitability to be used in integrated asset management of water systems. The results of the different methods are not equal. This occurs because the chosen score scales, weights and the resulting distributions of the scores within the criteria do not have the same impact on all the methods. Independently of the method used, the decision maker must be familiar with its strengths but also weaknesses. Therefore, in some cases, it would be rational to use one of the simplest methods. However, to check for consistency and increase the reliability of the results, the application of several methods is encouraged.

We conclude that changes in pulmonary function after rapid ascent to high altitude were consistent with interstitial fluid accumulation, but they were not related to changes in pulmonary artery pressure. Individual lung function responses to high-altitude exposure varied largely and did not predict subsequent HAPE.

Background Health care workers (HCW) are heavily exposed to SARS-CoV-2 from the beginning of the pandemic. We aimed to analyze risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion among HCW with a special emphasis on the respective healthcare institutions’ recommendation regarding the use of FFP-2 masks. Methods We recruited HCW from 13 health care institutions (HCI) with different mask policies (type IIR surgical face masks vs. FFP-2 masks) in Southeastern Switzerland (canton of Grisons). Sera of participants were analyzed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies 6 months apart, after the first and during the second pandemic wave using an electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA, Roche Diagnostics). We captured risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection by using an online questionnaire at both time points. The effects of individual COVID-19 exposure, regional incidence and FFP-2 mask policy on the probability of seroconversion were evaluated with univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Results SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in 99 of 2794 (3.5%) HCW at baseline and in 376 of 2315 (16.2%) participants 6 months later. In multivariable analyses the strongest association for seroconversion was exposure to a household member with known COVID-19 (aOR: 19.82, 95% CI 8.11–48.43, p < 0.001 at baseline and aOR: 8.68, 95% CI 6.13–12.29, p < 0.001 at follow-up). Significant occupational risk factors at baseline included exposure to COVID-19 patients (aOR: 2.79, 95% CI 1.28–6.09, p = 0.010) and to SARS-CoV-2 infected co-workers (aOR: 2.50, 95% CI 1.52–4.12, p < 0.001). At follow up 6 months later, non-occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals (aOR: 2.54, 95% CI 1.66–3.89 p < 0.001) and the local COVID-19 incidence of the corresponding HCI (aOR: 1.98, 95% CI 1.30–3.02, p = 0.001) were associated with seroconversion. The healthcare institutions’ mask policy (surgical masks during usual exposure vs. general use of FFP-2 masks) did not affect seroconversion rates of HCW during the first and the second pandemic wave. Conclusion Contact with SARS-CoV-2 infected household members was the most important risk factor for seroconversion among HCW. The strongest occupational risk factor was exposure to COVID-19 patients. During this pandemic, with heavy non-occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2, the mask policy of HCIs did not affect the seroconversion rate of HCWs.

ZusammenfassungWährend in gewissen Fächern Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen Aspekten professioneller Kompetenz von Lehrpersonen nachgewiesen werden konnten, stehen entsprechende Befunde für das Fach Sport noch aus. Eine Voraussetzung dafür ist die Entwicklung standardisierter und valider Testinstrumente zur Messung fachbezogenen Professionswissens. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde ein Instrument zur Erfassung des fachlichen und fachdidaktischen Wissens von Sportlehrpersonen der Primarstufe und der Sekundarstufe I entwickelt und an einer Stichprobe von 339 Proband:innen empirisch geprüft. Zudem wurden Zusammenhänge mit weiteren Kompetenzaspekten der Sportlehrpersonen, den motivationalen Orientierungen und Überzeugungen, untersucht. Dabei wurde exemplarisch der curriculare Inhaltsbereich „Bewegen an Geräten – Rollen und Drehen“ fokussiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass insbesondere das Fachwissen positiv mit motivationalen Orientierungen zusammenhängt. Hingegen weisen Überzeugungen keine bedeutsamen Zusammenhänge mit dem Professionswissen auf. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Instrumente empirisch valide sind. Im Rahmen der Studie wurde zu Händen der Auftraggeber:innen ein online zugänglicher Schlussbericht erstellt. Gewisse Ausführungen in vorliegendem Beitrag orientieren sich daran, da diese für das Verständnis und die Konsistenz zentral sind. Der vorliegende Beitrag stärkt im Vergleich zum Schlussbericht insbesondere die theoretische Verortung, spezifiziert die Fragestellungen, verdichtet die Ergebnisse und soll fokussiert einer breiteren Leserschaft zugänglich gemacht werden.

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