Figure 8. Voltage excursion of PTMA during 11 daysofs elf-discharge tests in 1, 2a nd 3 m Py 14 BF 4 in PC. 1 m losesa ll chargea fter 5days, 2 m after 9days, 3 m is able to deliver residualcharge after 11 daysofs elf-discharge. Figure 9. a) The formation of aliquid mixture of 4-methoxy-TEMPOa nd LiTFSI (MTLT; 1:1) at room temperature.b )V oltage profilesa nd cycling stability of as tatic cell with ac atholyte consisting of MTLT + 17 wt %H 2 Ov ersus aLia node. c) The corresponding flow cell setup and charge/discharge behavior.Reproduced from Ref. [102]with permission. Copyright 2015, Wiley.Figure 10. a) ESW as af unction of the temperature of 10 m [BMIm]Cl/H 2 O supporting electrolyte. b) Redox flow cell tests at À32 and À20 8Cbyu sing Ni phthalocyanineanolyte and FeCl 2 catholyte. CE = coulombic efficiency, VE = voltage efficiency, EE = energye fficiency.Reproducedf rom Ref. [121] with permission.

Organic polymer-based batteries represent a promising alternative to present-day metal-based systems and a valuable step toward printable and customizable energy storage devices. However, most scientific work is focussed on the development of new redox-active organic materials, while straightforward manufacturing and sustainable materials and production will be a necessary key for the transformation to mass market applications. Here, a new synthetic approach for 2,2,6,6tetramethyl-4-piperinidyl-N-oxyl (TEMPO)-based polymer particles by emulsion polymerization and their electrochemical investigation are reported. The developed emulsion polymerization protocol based on an aqueous reaction medium allowed the sustainable synthesis of a redox-active electrode material, combined with simple variation of the polymer particle size, which enabled the preparation of nanoparticles from 35 to 138 nm. Their application in cell experiments revealed a significant effect of the size of the active-polymer particles on the performance of poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperinidyl-N-oxyl methacrylate) (PTMA)-based electrodes. In particular rate capabilities were found to be reduced with larger diameters. Nevertheless, all cells based on the different particles revealed the ability to recover from temporary capacity loss due to application of very high charge/discharge rates.

No abstract

No abstract

Electrochemical energy storage devices based on organic materials such as polymers and organic molecules (PORMs) are nowadays regarded with increasing attention. The interest on these systems is related to their promising electrochemical performance, their low cost and their high sustainability. In the last years, several works focused on the development of active materials suitable for these systems, while much less studies have been dedicated to the electrolytes. The aim of this short review is to critically analyze these latter results, and to identify the main aspects that should be addressed in the future. Since the electrolyte is a key component of any energy storage devices, this analysis appears of particular importance for the realization of the next generation of PORM‐based devices.