ARAGÃO, J. A.; DE SANTANA, G. M.; DA CRUZ DE MORAES, R. Z.; ARAGÃO, I. C. S.; ARAGÃO, F. M. S.; REIS, P. F. Morphological analysis on the occipital condyles and review of the literature. Int. J. Morphol., 35(3):1129-1132, 2017. SUMMARY: Most anatomical and biomechanical studies on the craniovertebral junction have involved morphological or morphometric analysis on the occipital condyles. Some of these studies have provided important findings based on different surgical procedures. The shape, size and angle of the occipital condyles and the locations of the intracranial and extracranial orifices of the hypoglossal canal are highly important because they may affect the lateral approaches to the craniovertebral junction. To determine the frequency of occurrence of different morphological types of occipital condyle. 214 occipital condyles in 107 dry human skulls were analyzed and the classification of their morphological types was determined through assessing digitized photographic images. Among the 107 skulls analyzed, 59.8 % were male and 40.2 % were female. Their ages ranged from 11 to 91 years, with a mean of 57.56 years. Of the total of 10 morphological types of occipital condyle that were found, more than 50 % were of the "8", "S" and ring types. Condyles of "8" and "S" shape were the main types found in male skulls: the "8" shape prevailed on the left side and the "S" shape on the right side. However, in female skulls, these two types had equal bilateral distribution.

E l carcinosarcoma (CS) vesical es una neoplasia extremadamente infrecuente, dado que representan menos del 0´5% de las neoplasias vesicales 1 .Son tumores constituidos por dos componentes; uno formado por epitelio de características malignas (carcinoma) y otro de características sarcomatosas procedente de derivados mesenquimatosos.Ha sido descrito fundamentalmente en el tracto genital femenino, sobre todo en el útero, aunque también se han desarrollado en otras localizaciones como gastrointestinal, sistema hepatobiliar, cuello y cabeza, sistema respiratorio 2 ...En los últimos 50 años han sido publicados en la literatura médica en lengua inglesa 3 unos 12 casos de CS de riñón 4 , 10 de uréter 5 (en alguno de los casos provocando obstrucción del mismo) 6 ,El carcinosarcoma vesical es una neoplasia de muy baja frecuencia de aparición. Por ello su historia natural y las formas de tratamiento no están claramente determinadas. Suelen ser tumores rápido crecimiento, invasivos y con tendencia a la recurrencia.Presentamos la revisión de los cuatro casos que hemos tenido ocasión de diagnosticar y tratar entre 1995 y 2002. Analizamos los aspectos epidemiológicos, sintomatología presentada, hallazgos histológicos, métodos diagnósticos, tratamiento y supervivencia, revisando además la literatura al respecto.PALABRAS CLAVE: Carcinosarcoma. Tumores vesicales. Vejiga Urinaria. Tumor mesodérmico mixto. ABSTRACT CARCINOSARCOMA OF THE BLADDER: REPORT OF OUR CASES AND REVIEWOF THE LITERATURE. Carcinosarcomas of the bladder are rare. As a result, the natural history of them and the best methods of treatment remain uncertain. These tumors tend to be rapidly growing, invasive and recur locally.We reviewed our experience with four patients presenting between 1995 and 2002. Epidemiology findings, clinical aspects, histological features, diagnostic methods, treatment and survival are discussed in relation to literature.