The difference in overall well-being found in our paroxetine/placebo trial is greater than that found in previously published drug/placebo trials for IBS. Moreover, the difference in well-being applied to nondepressed recipients of paroxetine.

Use of “less than lethal weapons” by police has generated extreme review and controversy in some highly publicized cases. Confronting hostility and aggressiveness, police officers cannot turn away and flee from a dangerous situation, forcing them to select the best available option for controlling the individual. Among the officers’ choice of responses, oleoresin capsicum (OC) pepper spray has proven to be extremely effective. However, this is not a risk‐free weapon, and due to a number of suspect deaths following its use, it has become controversial. Investigates if OC spray reduced the frequency and level of use of force, and if its availability affected the number of suspect and officer injuries.

No abstract

This research explores police attitudes and experiences with a departmental policy favoring arrest in cases of domestic violence. It also addresses the impact that such a policy may have on future domestic violence calls. Analyses were based on two data sets: (a) calls and arrests recorded for two years prior to the implementation of an arrest policy and for two years after and (b) a survey of patrol and command officers. This is a study of the impact of an arrest policy on the police; it is not a study of domestic violence per se. The findings reflect "normal police operations." Survey data suggest that officers strongly supported both the law permitting spouse arrest and the departmental policy, because it gave them more power, but that they were uncertain of the actual impact on their own return calls and on the victims. The statistical data reveal that arrest minimally impacted the number of subsequent calls; the vast majority of calls resulted in no callbacks whether an arrest was made or not. In looking at prior contact with the police for domestic violence, the impact of arrest was more evident. The greatest impact of arrest was seen on those who had had no prior contacts. The largest proportion of callbacks involved offenders who had prior records for domestic violence and who were not arrested, and the lowest proportion involved offenders with no priors who were arrested. Prior police contacts with victims were also reviewed, revealing that a small but significant proportion of victims had had drunk and disorderly charges, whereas perpetrators showed a high number of contacts for both disorderly and other criminal behaviors. Police experience with these cases has tended to create a selective generalization regarding the nature of domestic violence and the impact of the policy.

Research on delinquency has shown consistent results across Western industrialized countries. Few studies have been done in non-Western cultures. This study reports on the results of a birth cohort study in China, which was started by Marvin Wolfgang but never completed. The cohort, born in 1973, was traced through official and community files. The amount of delinquency is significantly low. However, significant differences were found between delinquents and nondelinquents in terms of peer influences, family influences, and school. Regression results show that the most important school factors associated with offending are those relating to level of education completed and dropout status and interactions between students and teachers. Offenders were found to be approximately five times more likely than nonoffenders to associate with delinquent peers. This study reinforces previous findings—there are critical sociological variables related to social integration, family, and school experiences that significantly differentiate between those who become offenders and those who do not.