Two sets of meta-analyses of studies examining gender effects on parents' observed language with their children were conducted. One looked at studies comparing mothers and fathers in amount of talking, supportive speech, negative speech, directive speech, informing speech, and questions and requests. The other looked at studies comparing mothers' interactions with daughters versus with sons in amount of talking, supportive speech, and directive speech. Across studies, mothers tended to talk more (d = .26), use more supportive (d = .23) and negative (d = .13) speech, and use less directive (d = .19) and informing (d = .15) speech than did fathers. Also, mothers tended to talk more (d = .29) and use more supportive speech (d = .22) with daughters than with sons. Medium or large effect sizes occurred in most analyses when particular moderator variables were taken into account. Effect sizes varied, depending on aspects of the interactive setting, the child's age, sampling and measurement, and publication characteristics. The results are interpreted in relation to a contextual-interactive model of gender typing.

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Presently, advanced fiber optic sensor development centers upon interferometric or polarization modulated sensing techniques that make use of the high sensitivity achievable only through single mode waveguiding.Each sensing application incorporates a very specialized single mode fiber in order to meet the sensor's specific fiber requirements. These specialized single mode fibers, being much different than standard telecommunication single mode fiber, present challenges to fiber designers and manufacturers. As this technology matures, certain fiber types are becoming standardized for specific sensing applications.An overview of these single mode fibers will be presented along with the effect of fiber coatings relevant to the sensor performance. A brief discussion on future trends in development of single mode fibers for intrinsic sensing applications will also be included.