A content analysis is presented ofsole-male images appearing in advertisements obtained from Business Week, Esquire, GQ, Playboy, Rolling Stone, and Sports Illustrated for the year 1993. Only two previous studies have looked exclusively at male images in magazine advertisements. The specific objective of the study was to describe the physical characteristics of the men appearing alone in advertisements. Body characteristics, hairstyles, facial hair, body and head positionings, dimensions of eye contact, clothing styles, and types of adornment were appraised for each male image. The results indicate some uniformity of sole-male images across magazine titles as well as interesting differences. The study establishes a foundation for future research on the portrayal of men in advertising. Suggestions for future research are offered.Over the past 25 years, researchers in the social sciences have scrutinized role portrayals in magazine advertisements. Content analysts have given particular attention to the depiction of women in magazine advertisements (). This research has provided detailed information about women's images in magazine ads and has documented changes over time in the nature of their portrayals.Another body of content analyses has examined the depictions of men and women together in magazine advertisements (Brosius, Mundorf, and Staab

Correlation analysis is used to examine the association between Plog's instrument, underlying theoretical constructs, and actual travel behavior. Cross-validation of Plog's model was achieved through three personality trait measures and a modified Nickerson scale. This study broadens the behavioral foundations of psychographic research within the travel literature.

The analysis of spontaneous writing can be a reliable aid in cases of retrospective evaluation of cognitive integrity. On the other side, the ability to sign is not an index of cognitive integrity.

The unconscious processing of information is explored by drawing on contributions from psychoanalysis, clinical and cognitive psychology, and neuroscience. A theory is constructed to explain why a hidden negative image embedded in a print advertisement can increase brand-name recall. An experimental design using actual advertisements in a mock magazine with and without the embedded images is used to test the theory. The results show that unaided brand-name recall is significantly higher for the print advertisements with hidden negative images embedded in them. Keywords Brand-name recall, sexual embeds, unconscious, unconscious information processing A special issue of Marketing Theory devoted to marketing and psychoanalysis should focus on the unconscious processing of information. Freud believed that the discovery of the unconscious was his most important contribution. In The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud (1900/1953) used the dream as evidence of the existence of the unconscious, ''The interpretation of dreams is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind'' (Freud, 1900/1953: 608; emphasis in original). Freud also believed that the unconscious was the greater part of what we know as a person: We can go further and argue, in support of there being an unconscious psychical state, that at any given moment consciousness includes only a small content, so that the greater part of what we call conscious knowledge must in any case be for very considerable periods of time in a state of latency, that is to say, of being psychically unconscious. (Freud, 1915a/1957: 167)

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