Microspectrophotometry studies show that zebrafish
(Danio rerio) possess four cone photopigments.
The purpose of this study was to determine the cone contributions
to the zebrafish photopic increment threshold spectral-sensitivity
function. Electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave responses
to monochromatic lights presented on a broadband or chromatic
background were obtained. It was found that under the broadband
background condition, the zebrafish spectral-sensitivity
function showed several peaks that were narrower in sensitivity
compared to the cone spectra. The spectral-sensitivity
function was modeled with L − M and M − S opponent
interactions and nonopponent S- and U-cone mechanisms.
Using chromatic adaptation designed to suppress the contribution
of the S-cones, a strong U-cone contribution to the spectral-sensitivity
function was revealed, and the contributions of the S-cones
to the M − S mechanism were reduced. These results
show that the b-wave component of the ERG receives
input from all four cone types and appears to reflect color
opponent mechanisms. Thus, zebrafish may possess the fundamental
properties necessary for color vision.
Expression of the human RHO P23H transgene in the retina creates a miniature swine model with an inheritance pattern and retinal function that mimics adRP. This large-animal model can serve as a novel tool for the study of the pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention in the most common form of adRP.
We derived the cone fundamentals for X-chromosome-linked anomalous trichromats for the wavelength range of 400-700 nm. Pigment templates were constructed from the cone fundamentals of normal trichromats after correction for ocular media absorption. The resultant retinal-level sensitivities had small irregularities in the short-wavelength region that were smoothed. The pigment templates, expressed as quantal sensitivities, were then shifted on a frequency abscissa to solve for the lambda max of the pigments of anomalous trichromats needed to predict average anomaloscope matching data. We found that the protanomalous M- and L'-cone pigments are separated by 10 nm and the deuteranomalous M'- and L-cone pigments are separated by 6 nm (rounded to the nearest nanometer), where M and L indicate middle- and long-wavelength sensitive, respectively. The triads of peak wavelengths for the corneal energy-based sensitivities were as follows: normal: 440, 543, and 566 nm; protanomalous: 440, 543, and 553 nm; and deuteranomalous: 440, 560, and 566 nm.
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