This article explores the level of liquidity within the banking systems of developing countries and the potential impact on rates of economic growth from prudently redirecting a portion of liquid assets into credit to the private sector. It finds that banks in developing countries are extremely liquid and growth rates per capita might increase substantially in response to heightened lending to the private sector. It then summarises the primary obstacles to this and presents several policy reforms that can augment the level of credit to the private sector in developing countries.

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Petri Net (PN) theory is now recognized as an established methodology in the robotics literature for the modeling of flexible manufacturing systems. We begin by defining a particular class of condition/event nets called Q, suitable for modeling repetitive workcell tasks. Nets E Q are either deterministic or exhibit a restricted kind of conflict called choice among alternatives. We show how the repetitive behavior of such a net may be studied by decomposing this conflict into deterministic components associated with mutually exclusive alternatives. Next, a unified description of the important temporal extensions of PN theory is presented, with a special emphasis on formal analysis. We then extend the PN notion of coverability in the temporal sense and demonstrate that, for netsen, the period of repetition (cycle time) can be directly computed from the durations associated with the individual operations, once the decomposition into components is performed. In particular, when the durations are specified in the form of minimum and maximum values, this period of repetition may be described by optimistic and pessimistic bounds. A typical assembly example adapted from our work with the multirobot workcell testbed at LAAS is also presented to illustrate two forms of temporal analysis.

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