The ability of platinum and gold catalysts to effect powerful atom-economic transformations has led to a marked increase in their utilization. The quite remarkable correlation of their catalytic behavior with the available structural data, coordination chemistry, and organometallic reactivity patterns, including relativistic effects, allows the underlying principles of catalytic carbophilic activation by pi acids to be formulated. The spectrum of reactivity extends beyond their utility as catalytic and benign alternatives to conventional stoichiometric pi acids. The resulting reactivity profile allows this entire field of catalysis to be rationalized, and brings together the apparently disparate electrophilic metal carbene and nonclassical carbocation explanations. The advances in coupling, cycloisomerization, and structural reorganization--from the design of new transformations to the improvement to known reactions--are highlighted in this Review. The application of platinum- and gold-catalyzed transformations in natural product synthesis is also discussed.
This review discusses the emergence of alkyne metathesis as a valuable synthetic tool applicable in the synthesis of complex molecules and polymer science.
Platin‐ und Goldkatalysatoren gewinnen aufgrund ihrer hohen Effizienz und erstaunlichen Vielfalt für atomökonomische Umsetzungen rasch an Bedeutung. Dabei erlaubt es die Korrelation zwischen ihrem chemischen Verhalten und den vorhandenen Strukturdaten, der bekannten Koordinationschemie und den auf relativistischen Effekten beruhenden Besonderheiten ihrer metallorganischen Derivate, grundlegende Prinzipien der katalytischen carbophilen Aktivierung durch π‐Säuren zu formulieren. Platin‐ und Goldkomplexe sind keinesfalls nur ein umweltfreundlicher Ersatz für stöchiometrische π‐Säuren, sondern sie erweitern das klassische Reaktivitätsspektrum signifikant. Die in der Literatur geläufigen, aber scheinbar widersprüchlichen Erklärungen ihres Verhaltens auf Basis von Metallcarbenen oder metallstabilisierten, “nichtklassischen” Carbokationen als reaktiven Zwischenstufen liefern bei genauer Betrachtung eine vereinheitlichte Grundlage für das Verständnis dieses faszinierenden Gebiets. Hier gilt das Hauptaugenmerk der Verbesserung bekannter sowie der Entwicklung neuer Kupplungs‐, Cycloisomerisierungs‐ und Gerüstumlagerungsreaktionen. Auch der Einsatz Platin‐ und goldkatalysierter Transformationen in Naturstoffsynthesen wird diskutiert.
1,6-Enynes bearing (electron-rich) aryl substituents on their alkyne moiety rearrange to cyclobutene derivatives in the presence of catalytic amounts of PtCl2 in toluene. The reaction is significantly accelerated when performed under an atmosphere of CO (1 atm), most likely by increasing the electrophilicity of the metal template by temporary coordination to this pi-acidic ligand. This transformation allows the build up of considerable strain in the products as witnessed by the productive formation of tricyclic skeletons, such as 7 or 9. Moreover, these products provide evidence for the mechanistic scenario of platinum-catalyzed cycloisomerization reactions previously proposed, which are thought to proceed via organo-platinum species that mimic the reactivity of metal-complexed "nonclassical" carbocations.
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